Stable Isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) Signatures and Their Relationship among Soil Enzyme Activities in Indian Semi-arid Agricultural Soils

References

• Agrawal, S., P. Sanyal, M. K. Bera, J. K. Dash, and S. Balakrishnan. 2013. Paleoclimatic, paleovegetational and provenance change in the Ganga plain during the late quaternary. Journal of Earth System Science 122 (4):1141–52. doi:10.1007/s12040-013-0332-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, S., P. Srivastava, N. K. Meena, S. K. Rai, R. Bhushan, D. K. Misra, and A. K. Gupta. 2015. Stable (δ13C and δ15N) isotopes and magnetic susceptibility record of late Holocene climate change from a lake profile of the northeast Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India 86 (6):696–705. doi:10.1007/s12594-015-0362-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awiti, A. O., M. G. Walsh, and J. Kinyamario. 2008. Dynamics of topsoil carbon and nitrogen along a tropical forest–cropland chronosequence: Evidence from stable isotope analysis and spectroscopy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 127 (3–4):265–72. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.04.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashour, I. I., and A. H. Sayegh. 2007. Methods of analysis for soils of arid and semi-arid regions. Rome, Italy: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Bhat, M. I., and M. A. Bhat. 2010. Applications of stable and radioactive isotopes in soil science. Current Science. 98: 1458–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busari, M. A., F. K. Salako, and C. Tuniz. 2016. Stable isotope technique in the evaluation of tillage and fertilizer effects on soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration and water use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy 73:98–106. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnadurai, C., G. Gopalaswamy, and D. Balachandar. 2014. Impact of long-term organic and inorganic nutrient managements on the biological properties and eubacterial community diversity of the Indian semi-arid Alfisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 60 (4):531–48. doi:10.1080/03650340.2013.803072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, L., K. Wang, Z. Tang, and Z. Shangguan. 2016. Soil organic carbon dynamics following natural vegetation restoration: Evidence from stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 221:235–44. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz-Raviña, M., J. Bueno, S. J. González-Prieto, and T. Carballas. 2005. Cultivation effects on biochemical properties, C storage and 15N natural abundance in the 0–5 cm layer of an acidic soil from temperate humid zone. Soil and Tillage Research 84 (2):216–21. doi:10.1016/j.still.2004.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, P., A. Ishizu, R. Doucett, S. C. Hart, E. Schwartz, O. V. Menyailo, and B. A. Hungate. 2006. 13C and 15N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38 (11):3257–66. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eivazi, F., and M. A. Tabatabai. 1988. Glucosidases and galactosidases in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 20 (5):601–06. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(88)90141-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadeeva, V. P., V. D. Tikhova, and O. N. Nikulicheva. 2008. Elemental analysis of organic compounds with the use of automated CHNS analyzers. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 63 (11):1094–106. doi:10.1134/S1061934808110142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garten, C. T., P. J. Hanson, D. E. Todd, B. B. Lu, and D. J. Brice. 2008. Natural 15N-and 13C-abundance as indicators of forest nitrogen status and soil carbon dynamics.Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science 61: 61-82.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez-Rey, M. X., A. Couto-Vázquez, and S. J. González-Prieto. 2012. Nitrogen transformation rates and nutrient availability under conventional plough and conservation tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 124:144–52. doi:10.1016/j.still.2012.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Prieto, S., M. Díaz-Raviña, A. Martín, and C. López-Fando. 2013. Effects of agricultural management on chemical and biochemical properties of a semiarid soil from central Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 134:49–55. doi:10.1016/j.still.2013.07.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayler, Z. E., M. Kaiser, A. Gessler, R. H. Ellerbrock, and M. Sommer. 2011. Application of δ13C and δ15N isotopic signatures of organic matter fractions sequentially separated from adjacent arable and forest soils to identify carbon stabilization mechanisms. Biogeosciences 8 (10):2895–906. doi:10.5194/bg-8-2895-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeney, D. R., and D. W. Nelson. 1982. Nitrogen—Inorganic forms 1. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, (methodsofsoilan2), 643–98. Madison: American society of agronomy
   Google Scholar
• Klein, D. A., T. C. Loh, and R. L. Goulding. 1971. A rapid procedure to evaluate the dehydrogenase activity of soils low in organic matter. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 3 (4):385–87. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(71)90049-6.
   Google Scholar
• Krull, E. S., and J. O. Skjemstad. 2003. δ13C and δ15N profiles in 14C-dated oxisol and vertisols as a function of soil chemistry and mineralogy. Geoderma 112 (1–2):1–29. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00291-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskar, A. H., M. G. Yadava, and R. Ramesh. 2012. Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopes in two soil profiles from northeast India. Radiocarbon 54 (1):81–89. doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i1.15840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B., C. Tu, S. Hu, M. Gumpertz, and J. B. Ristaino. 2007. Effect of organic, sustainable, and conventional management strategies in grower fields on soil physical, chemical, and biological factors and the incidence of southern blight. Applied Soil Ecology 37 (3):202–14. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Fando, C., and M. T. Pardo. 2009. Changes in soil chemical characteristics with different tillage practices in a semi-arid environment. Soil and Tillage Research 104 (2):278–84. doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, B., A. Rawson, L. Ravenscroft, M. Rankin, and R. Millard (2003). Paired site sampling for soil carbon estimation – New South Wales. National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report No. 34, Australian Greenhouse Office and the NSW Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, S. R., and L. E. Somers. 1982. Phosphorus. In Methods of soil analysis, agrononmy no. 9, part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, ed. A. L. Page, 403–30. 2nd ed. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Pett-Ridge, J., and M. K. Firestone. 2017. Using stable isotopes to explore root-microbe-mineral interactions in soil. Rhizosphere 3:244–53. doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.04.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainju, U. M., Z. N. Senwo, E. Z. Nyakatawa, I. A. Tazisong, and K. C. Reddy. 2008. Soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration as affected by long-term tillage, cropping systems, and nitrogen fertilizer sources. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 127 (3–4):234–40. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinner, F., and W. Von Mersi. 1990. Xylanase-, CM-cellulase-and invertase activity in soil: An improved method. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 22 (4):511–15. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(90)90187-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, G., and L. English. 1949. Use of the flame photometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy Journal 41 (9):446–47. doi:10.2134/agronj1949.00021962004100090012x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhakaran, M., D. Ramamoorthy, and S. Kumar Rajesh. 2013. Impacts of conventional, sustainable and organic farming system on soil microbial population and soil biochemical properties, Puducherry, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 4 (1):28.
   Google Scholar
• Sudhakaran, M., D. Ramamoorthy, and S. SavithaVandBalamurugan. 2018. Organic carbon stock and its relationship with soil properties in coastal agroecosystem of Puducherry, India. Journal of Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research 36 (1):11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Z., X. Mou, X. Li, L. Wang, H. Song, and H. Jiang. 2011. Application of stable isotope techniques in studies of carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem. Chinese Geographical Science 21 (2):129. doi:10.1007/s11769-011-0453-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szpak, P. 2014. Complexities of nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in plant-soil systems: Implications for the study of ancient agricultural and animal management practices. Frontiers in Plant Science 5:288. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabatabai, M. A., and J. M. Bremner. 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 1 (4):301–07. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1.
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabai, M. A., and J. M. Bremner. 1972. Assay of urease activity in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 4 (4):479–87. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(72)90064-8.
   Google Scholar
• Walkley, A., and I. A. Black. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37 (1):29–38. doi:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, G., Y. Jia, and W. Li. 2015. Effects of environmental and biotic factors on carbon isotopic fractionation during decomposition of soil organic matter. Scientific Reports 5:11043. doi:10.1038/srep11043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun, S. I., S. S. Lim, G. S. Lee, S. M. Lee, H. Y. Kim, H. M. Ro, and W. J. Choi. 2011. Natural 15N abundance of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown with synthetic fertilizer, livestock manure compost, and hairy vetch. Biology and Fertility of Soils 47 (6):607–17. doi:10.1007/s00374-011-0571-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar