Direct Versus Indirect Exports in Post-Communist Europe and Central Asia: The Role of Innovation Activities and Internationalization

References

• Abel-Koch, J. 2010. Firm Size and the Choice of Export Mode, January 2010, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Discussion paper no. 1105.
   Google Scholar
• Abel-Koch, J. 2013. “Who Uses Intermediaries in International Trade? Evidence from Firm-level Survey Data.” The World Economy 36 (8): 1041–64. doi:10.1111/twec.12025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, J., A. K. Khandelwal, and S. Wei. 2011. “The Role of Intermediaries in Facilitating Trade.” Journal of International Economics 84 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerman, A. 2018. “A Theory on the Role of Wholesalers in International Trade Based on Economies of Scope.” Canadian Journal of Economics 51 (1): 156–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albornoz, F., H. F. C. Pardo, G. Corcos, and E. Ornelas. 2012. “Sequential Exporting.” Journal of International Economics 88 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, R., and R. Robertson. 2004. “Exposure to Foreign Markets and Plant-Level Innovation: Evidence from Chile and Mexico.” The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 13 (1): 57–87.
   Google Scholar
• Antràs, P. 2020. “Conceptual Aspects of Global Value Chains.“ The World Bank Economic Review 34 (3): 551–574. doi:10.1093/wber/lhaa006
   Google Scholar
• Antràs, P., and A. Costinot. 2011. “Intermediated Trade.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (3): 1319–74. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo, L., G. Mion, and E. Ornelas. 2016. “Institutions and Export Dynamics.” Journal of International Economics 98:2–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangwayo-Skeete, P. F., and W. R. Moore. 2015. “Entry Into Export Markets And Quality Certifications: Evidence From Developing Countries.” Applied Econometrics and International Development 15 (2): 17–34.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, N., V. Reryral, and V. Vicard. 2019. “Demand Learning and Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Exporters.” Review of Economics and Statistics 101 (1): 91–106. doi:10.1162/rest_a_00731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., E. A. Bøler, R. Massari, J. Reyes, and D. Taglioni. 2017. “Exporter Dynamics and Partial-Year Effects.” American Economic Review 107 (10): 3211–28. doi:10.1257/aer.20141070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., M. Grazzi, and C. Tomasi. 2015. “Intermediaries in International Trade: Products and Destinations.” Review of Economics and Statistics 97 (4): 916–20. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., J. B. Jensen, S. J. Redding, and P. K. Schott. 2010a. “Wholesalers and Retailers in U.S. Trade.” American Economic Review, Papers & Proceedings 100 (2): 408–13. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., S. J. Redding, and P. K. Schott. 2011. “Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (3): 1271–318. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, B. S., S. Claro, and I. J. Horstmann. 2010. “Facts and Figures on Intermediated Trade.” American Economic Review, Papers & Proceedings 100 (2): 419–23. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagé, J., and D. Rouzet. 2015. “Improving “National Brands”: Reputation for Quality and Export Promotion Strategies.” Journal of International Economics 95 (2): 274–90. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo, J., K. Handley, and N. Limao. 2018. “Economic and Policy Uncertainty: Export Dynamics and the Value of Agreements.” NBER Working Paper, 24368. http://www.nber.org/papers/w24368
   Google Scholar
• Chaney, T. 2008. “Distorted Gravity: The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade.” American Economic Review 98 (4): 1707–21. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisik, R. 2003. “Export Industry Policy and Reputational Comparative Advantage.” Journal of International Economics 59 (2): 423–51. doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(02)00020-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cieślik, A., and J.J Michałek. 2018. “Firm-level Determinants of Direct and Indirect Exports: Empirical Evidence for C.E.E. and M.E.N.A. Countries.” Economic Research - Ekonomska Istraživanja 31 (1): 982–96. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2018.1436452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S., M. J. Roberts, and J. R. Tybout. 2007. “Market Entry Costs, Producer Heterogeneity, and Export Dynamics.” Econometrica 75 (3): 837–73. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00769.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davaakhuua, O., K. Sharmab, and Y. Bandara. 2014. “Export Performance during Economic Transition in Mongolia.” Economic Analysis and Policy 44 (4): 442–50. doi:10.1016/j.eap.2014.11.003
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R.B., and T. Jeppesen. 2015. “Export Mode, Firm Heterogeneity, and Source Country Characteristics.” Review of World Economics 151 (2): 169–95. doi:10.1007/s10290-014-0207-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Cintio, M. 2020. “Knowledge and Export Modes: Which Export Strategy Boosts Firms Knowledge Acquisition?” Review of Economic Analysis 12 (4): 461–83. doi:10.15353/rea.v12i4.1956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Cintio, M., S. Ghosh, and E. Grassi. 2020. “Direct or Indirect Exports: What Matters for Firms’ Innovation Activities?” Applied Economics Letters 27 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1080/13504851.2019.1610693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, J., M. Eslava, M. Kugler, and J. Tybout. 2008. “Export Dynamics in Colombia: Firm-Level Evidence.” In The Organization of Firms in a Global Economy, edited by E. Helpman, D. Marin, and T. Verdier, 231–72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• EBRD BEEPS. 2020. Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) data base elaborated by EBED in partnership with the World Bank. In our study we used: “New Comprehensive_July_7_2020” data file. https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/data
   Google Scholar
• Elango, B., and N. Pangarkar. 2020. “Home Country Institutional Impact on the Choice of Direct Vs Indirect Exports: An Emerging Markets Perspective.” International Marketing Review 38 (2): 387–411. doi:10.1108/IMR-09-2019-0231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esfahani, H.S. 1991. “Reputation and Uncertainty toward an Explanation of Quality Problems in Competitive LDC Markets.” Journal of Development Economics 35 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1016/0304-3878(91)90064-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feenstra, R., and G. Hanson. 2004. “Intermediaries in Entrepôt Trade: Hong Kong re-exports of Chinese Goods.” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 13 (1): 3–35. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.2004.00002.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felbermayr, G., and B. Jung. 2011. “Trade Intermediation and the Organization of Exporters.” Review of International Economics 19 (4): 634–48. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00971.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagemejer, J., and M. Kolasa. 2011. “Internationalisation and Economic Performance of Enterprises: Evidence from Polish Firm‐level Data.” The World Economy 34 (1): 74–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawless, M. 2009. “Firm Export Dynamics and the Geography of Trade.” Journal of International Economics 77 (2): 245–54. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2009.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. 2013. Schumpeterian Analysis of Economic Catch-Up: Knowledge, Path-Creation, and the Middle-Income Trap. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• LiPuma, J.A., S.L. Newbert, and J.P. Doh. 2013. “The Effect of Institutional Quality on Firm Export Performance in Emerging Economies: A Contingency Model of Firm Age and Size.” Small Business Economics 40 (4): 817–41. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9395-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, J., Y. Lu, Y. Sun, and Z. Tao. 2017. “Intermediaries, Firm Heterogeneity and Exporting Behaviour.” The World Economy 40 (7): 1381–404. doi:10.1111/twec.12423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, S., O. Talavera, and S. M. Park. 2008. “Effects of Foreign Presence in a Transition Economy: Regional and Industrywide Investments and Firm-Level Exports in Ukrainian Manufacturing.” Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 44 (5): 82–98. doi:10.2753/REE1540-496X440506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhmadshoev, D., K. Ibeh, and M. Crone. 2015. “Institutional Influences on SME Exporters under Divergent Transition Paths: Comparative Insights from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.” International Business Review 24 (6): 1025–38. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martuscelli, A., and G. Varela. 2018. “Survival Is for the Fittest: Export Survival Patterns in Georgia.” Economic Systems 42 (3): 397–413. doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, T., M. J. Melitz, and G. I. P. Ottaviano. 2014. “Market Size, Competition, and the Product Mix of Exporters.” American Economic Review 104 (2): 495–536. doi:10.1257/aer.104.2.495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, T., M. J. Melitz, and G. I. P. Ottaviano. 2021. “Product Mix and Firm Productivity Responses to Trade Competition.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 103 (5): 874–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, F. 2013. “Indirect Exporters.” Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 13 (4): 519–35. doi:10.1007/s10842-012-0133-x
   Google Scholar
• Melitz, M. J. 2003. “The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity.” Econometrica 71 (6): 1695–725. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prašnikar, J., F. Memaj, T. Redek, and D. Voje. 2013. “The Role of Corporations in Economic Development: Albania on Its Way to Internationalisation.” Post-Communist Economies 25 (3): 392–406. doi:10.1080/14631377.2013.813143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch, J. E., and J. Watson. 2004. “Network Intermediaries in International Trade.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 13 (1): 69–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, J., and Y. Tan. 2019. “Price, Product Quality, and Exporter Dynamics: Evidence from China.” International Economic Review 60 (4): 1911–55. doi:10.1111/iere.12410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhl, K., and J. L. Willis. 2017. “New Exporter Dynamics.” International Economic Review 58 (3): 703–26. doi:10.1111/iere.12232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglioni, D, and Winkler. 2016. Making Global Value Chains Work for Development. Trade and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24426License:CCBY3.0IGO.
   Google Scholar
• Timoshenko, O. A. 2015. “Learning versus Sunk Costs Explanations of Export Persistence.” European Economic Review 79:113–28. doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, J. 2007. “Exports and Productivity: A Survey of the Evidence from Firm-level Data.” The World Economy 30 (1): 60–82. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.00872.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, J. 2012. “International Trade and Firm Performance: A Survey of Empirical Studies since 2006.” Review of World Economics 148 (2): 235–67. doi:10.1007/s10290-011-0116-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R. 2006. “Generalized Ordered logit/partial Proportional Odds Models for Ordinal Dependent Variables.” The Stata Journal 6 (1): 58–82. doi:10.1177/1536867X0600600104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., C. Liu, and T. Wang. 2020. “Direct or Indirect? The Impact of Political Connections on Export Mode of Chinese Private Enterprises.” China Economic Review 61:101434. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar