Notes
- Edmund V. Simpson , Kohlberg's Structuralism: A Critical Approach ( Toronto : Ontario Institute for Studies in Education , 1977 ), p. 1 .
- Brian Crittenden , Form and Content in Moral Education: An Essay on Aspects of the Mackay Report ( Toronto : Ontario Institute for Studies in Education , 1972 ), p. 2 . Excerpts from the Mackay Report appear on pp. 91 – 93
- Phi Delta Kappan (June 1975), Social Education ( April 1976 ), Theory into Practice (October 1977).
- Linda W. Rosenweig , “A Selected Bibliography of Materials about Moral Education Based on the Research of Lawrence Kohlberg,” Social Education 40 ( 1976 ): 212 .
- Review of Educational Research ( Summer 1978 ).
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16 ( 1977 ).
- John D. Napier , “The Validity of Preservice Teacher Use of Kohlberg's Stage Scoring System,” Theory and Research in Social Education 6 ( 1978 ): 16 .
- Lisa Kuhmerker , Developments in Kohlberg's Theory and Scoring of Moral Dilemmas , Occasional Paper No. 6 ( Philadelphia : Research for Better Schools, Inc. , 1978 ), pp. 2 – 3 (ERIC ED 157 815). Kuhmerker does not mention that Kohlberg provides alternative labels. See Lawrence Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach,” in Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues, ed. ed. Thomas Lickona (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), pp. 41, 43–45, in which Kohlberg refers to the 1958 instrument as the Aspect Scoring System and to the 1971 version as the Intuitive Issue Scoring System. Critics have made their own contributions to this vagueness of terminology; Napier, for example, refers to the second method as the Issue Stage Scoring System (17).
- Kuhmerker , Developments , p. 2 .
- Ibid. , p. 3 .
- The Heinz dilemma is as follows: Heinz's wife lay dying of cancer and her doctors believed that the only treatment that might save her life involved a form of radium newly discovered by a druggist who lived in the same town as Heinz and Mrs. Heinz. The radium cost the druggist $200 but he charged $2000 for a dose. Heinz scraped together $1000—all he could raise—by borrowing from friends. He asked the druggist to cut his price to that or let Heinz pay the other $1000 later. The druggist refused. So Heinz in desperation broke into the drugstore to steal the radium. Should he have done that? “ The Development of Children's Orientations Toward Moral Order ,” Vita Humana 33 ( 1963 ): 173 .
- Kuhmerker , Developments , p. 4 .
- Ibid., p. 15. Alan L. Lockwood voices a similar hope in “ The Effects of Values Clarification and Moral Development Curricula on School-Age Subjects: A Critical Review of Recent Research ,” Review of Educational Research 48 ( 1978 ): 360 – 61
- Kuhmerker , Developments , pp. 1 – 2
- William Kurtines and Esther B. Greif , “The Development of Moral Thought: Review and Evaluation of Kohlberg's Approach,” Psychological Bulletin 81 ( 1974 ): 455 – 56
- Kuhmerker , Developments , p. 5 .
- Kurtines and Greif , “ Development of Moral Thought ,” pp. 456 – 66 Ronald Duska and Mariellen Whelan include Kohlberg's original nine dilemmas in Appendix II of Moral Development: A Guide to Piaget and Kohlberg (New York: Paulist Press, 1975), pp. 121–23.
- Kurtines and Greif , “ Development of Moral Thought ,” p. 455 .
- Ibid.
- Ibid. ; Lockwood, “Effects of Values Clarification,” p. 346.
- Kuhmerker , Developments , p. 11 .
- Kurtines and Greif , “ Development of Moral Thought ,” p. 456 .
- Ibid. , p. 455 .
- Napier , “ Validity ,” pp. 24 – 25
- Ibid. , p. 28 .
- Kurtines and Greif , “ Development of Moral Thought ,” p. 456 .
- Elizabeth L. Simpson , “Moral Development Research: A Case Study of Scientific Cultural Bias,” Human Development 17 ( 1974 ): 81 – 106 R.S. Peters makes the same point more briefly in “The Place of Kohlberg's Theory in Moral Education,” Journal of Moral Education 7 (1978):156.
- Simpson , “ Moral Development Research ,” p. 91 .
- The “Whorfian hypothesis” or more properly the linguistic relativity hypothesis proposed by Benjamin Whorf is essentially that language determines thought processes. Thus certain languages or dialects produce poor problem solving ability. See B. Whorf , Language, Thought, and Reality ( New York : MIT Press-Wiley , 1956 ).
- Ibid.
- Ibid. , p. 96 .
- Edward V. Sullivan , Kohlberg's Structuralism: A Critical Appraisal ( Toronto : Institute for Studies in Education , 1977 ).
- Crittenden , Form and Content in Moral Education , pp. 19 – 20 provides an interesting example of how one religious group perceived the values of justice and human life. During the German occupation, the Catholic hierarchy in the Netherlands decided to publish a pastoral letter denouncing anti-semitism even though the bishops had been told by the Nazis that this action would result in the deportation of Catholic Jews who were priests, brothers, and nuns to concentration camps. The letter did not prevent the deportation of a single Jew, and if anything, the bishops' decision only added to the number who suffered and died in the camps. According to Kohlberg's theory, the bishops behaved unjustly in that they acted in such a way as to increase human suffering. But Crittenden points out that the bishops were thinking in terms of “witnessing” in their stand against what they saw as a gross injustice inflicted upon all Jews.
- “America is God's Crucible, the great Melting Pot where all races of Europe are and melting and reforming Here you stand, good folk, think I, when I see them at Ellis Island, here you stand in your fifty groups with your fifty languages and histories, and your fifty hatreds and rivalries, but you won't be long like that, brothers, for these are the fires of God. A fig for your feuds and vendettas Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians—into the Crucible with you all God is making the American….The real American has not yet arrived. He is only in the Crucible, I tell you—he will be the fusion of all races, the common superman.” Israel Zangwill , The Melting Pot ( New York : McMillan & Co. , 1909 ).
- Simpson , “ Moral Development Research ,” p. 103 .
- Ibid. , p. 88 .
- Carol Gilligan , “In a Different Voice: Women's Conception of Self and of Morality,” Harvard Educational Review 47 ( 1977 ): 481 – 517
- Ibid. , p. 89 .
- Kurtines and Greif , “ Development of Moral Thought ,” p. 467 .
- Ibid.
- Ibid. , p. 456 . Sally Oldham , “Critique of the Original Moral Judgment Instrument Developed by Lawrence Kohlberg,” Journal of Social Studies Research 1 ( 1977 ): 3 . Oldham notes that “until recently…all main characters in Kohlberg's dilemmas were male,” but gives no specific date when this was changed.
- Lockwood , “ Effects of Values Clarification ,” p. 358 .
- Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel , “Moral Development and Moral Education,” in Psychology and Educational Practice , ed. G.S. Lesser ( London : Scott, Foresman and Co. , 1971 ), p. 440 .
- R. S. Peters , “The Place of Kohlberg's Theory in Moral Education,” Journal of Moral Education 7 ( 1978 ): 155 .
- Kurtines and Greif , “ Development of Moral Thought ,” p. 467 .
- Napier , “ Validity ,” pp. 24 – 25
- Jack R. Fraenkel , “The Kohlberg Bandwagon: Some Reservations,” Social Education 40 ( 1976 ): 218 .
- In a public school system, there might be a very thorny legal problem as to how Kohlbergian teachers would be certified, evaluated, and tenured.
- Gregory H. Wilmoth and Sam G. McFarland , “A Comparison of Four Measures of Moral Reasoning,” Journal of Personality Assessment 41 ( 1977 ): 396 .
- Patricia M. Brown , “The Congruence between Moral Judgment and Selected Scales of the MMPI,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 32 ( 1976 ): 627 .
- Daniel J. Bolt and Edmund V. Sullivan , “Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory in Educational Settings: Some Possible Abuses,” Journal of Moral Education 6 ( 1977 ): 201 .
- Ibid. , p. 204 .
- John B. Orr , “Cognitive-Developmental Approaches to Moral Education: A Social Ethical Analysis,” Educational Theory 24 ( 1974 ): 371 .
- Sullivan , “ Kohlberg's Structuralism ,” p. 23 .
- R. S. Peters , Reason and Compassion ( London : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1973 ), p. 26 .
- Lawrence Kohlberg , “Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization,” in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research , ed. D. Goslin ( Chicago : Rand-McNally , 1969 ), p. 383 .
- Moshe Pearlman , The Capture and Trial of Adolf Eichmann ( New York : Simon and Schuster , 1963 ), p. 555 .
- Kohlberg , “ Stage and Sequence ,” p. 383 .
- R. S. Peters , “A Reply to Kohlberg,” Phi Delta Kappan 56 ( June 1975 ).