Cultural Assimilation versus Cultural Pluralism

Notes

• This analysis of the functions of schooling owes much to the recent revisionism in educational history. Especially important are the following: Michael B. Katz , Class, Bureaucracy, and Schools: The Illusion of Educational Change in America , expanded ed. ( New York : Praeger , 1975 ); Marvin Lazerson, Origins of the Urban School: Public Education In Massachusetts, 1870–1915 (Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1971); Joel Spring, Education and the Rise of the Corporate State (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972); David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1974); Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America (New York: Basic Books, 1976); Paul C. Violas, The Training of the Urban Working Class: A History of Twentieth Century American Education (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1978); David Nasaw, Schooled to Order: A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
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• Raymond E. Callahan , Education and the Cult of Efficiency ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1962 ), p.15. See also Frank V. Thompson, Schooling of the Immigrant (New York: Harper, 1920); Robert A. Carlson, The Quest for Conformity: Americanization Through Education (New York: Wiley, 1975).
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• Ellwood P. Cubberley , Changing Conceptions of Education ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1909 ), pp. 15 – 16 Richard Watson Gilder, “The Kindergarten: An Uplifting Social Influence in the Home and District,” National Education Association, Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the Forty-Second Annual Meeting (1903), p. 390.
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• For a case study of immigrants in the schools of one city, see Ronald D. Cohen and Raymond A. Mohl , The Paradox of Progressive Education: The Gary Plan and Urban Schooling ( Port Washington , N.Y. : Kennikat Press , 1979 ), pp. 83 – 109
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• Timothy L. Smith , “Immigrant Social Aspirations and American Education, 1880–1930,” American Quarterly 21 ( Fall 1969 ): 523 – 43
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• Hyman Berman , “ Education for Work and Labor Solidarity: The Immigrant Miners and Radicalism on the Mesabi Range ,” Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota; Michael R. Olneck and Marvin Lazerson, “The School Achievement of Immigrant Children, 1900–1930,” History of Education Quarterly 14 (Winter 1974):453–82.
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• John Bodnar , “Materialism and Morality: Slavic-American Immigrants and Education, 1890–1940,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 3 ( Winter 1976 ): 1 – 19
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• On ethnic parochial schools and ethnic folk schools, see James W. Sanders , The Education of an Urban Minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833–1965 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1977 ); Joshua A. Fishman, Language Loyalty in the United States (The Hague: Mouton, 1966), pp. 92–126.
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• Indian Education: A National Tragedy—A National Challenge , Report No. 91–501, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, U.S. Senate, 91st Congress, 1st Session, 1969 ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1969 ), p. 12 ; Carlson, Quest for Conformity, p.72. See also Meyer Weinberg, A Chance to Learn: A History of Race and Education in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 178–229; Bruce Rubenstein, “To Destroy a Culture: Indian Education in Michigan, 1855–1900,” Michigan History 60 (September 1976):137–60.
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• Tyack , The One Best System , p. 110 ; James D. Anderson, “Education as a Vehicle for the Manipulation of Black Workers,” in Work, Technology, and Education: Dissenting Essays in the Intellectual Foundations of American Education, ed. Walter Felnberg and Henry Rosemont, Jr. (Urbana, II.: University of Illinois Press, 1975), pp. 15–40; Donald Spivey, Schooling for the New Slavery: Black Industrial Education, 1868–1915 (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1978).
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• August Meier , Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915 ( Ann Arbor , Mi. : University of Michigan Press , 1963 ); Neil Betten and Raymond A. Mohl, “The Evolution of Racism in an Industrial City, 1906–1940: A Case Study of Gary, Indiana,” Journal of Negro History 59 (January 1974):51–64; Vincent p. Franklin, The Education of Black Philadelphia: The Social and Educational History of a Minority Community, 1900–1950 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Judy Jolley Mohraz, The Separate Problem: Case Studies of Black Education in the North, 1900–1930 (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1979).
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• Horace M. Kallen , “Democracy Versus the Melting Pot,” The Nation 100 (February 18 and 25, 1915 ): 190 – 94 217–20, reprinted in Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924), pp. 67–125, quotations on pp. 103, 124; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 212.
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• Isaac B. Berkson , Theories of Americanization: A Critical Study ( New York : Teachers College, Columbia University , 1920 ), pp. 97 – 98 Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 154.
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• Julius Drachsler , Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America ( New York : Macmillan , 1920 ), p. 215 .
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• For information on the International Institutes, see Raymond A. Mohl and Neil Betten , “Ethnic Adjustment in the Industrial City: The International Institute of Gary, 1919–1940,” International Migration Review 6 ( Winter 1972 ): 361 – 76 Raymond A. Mohl, “The International Institute Movement and Ethnic Pluralism in Twentieth-Century America,” Social Science (forthcoming).
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• Rudolph J. Vecoli , “Louis Adamic and the Contemporary Search for Roots,” Ethnic Studies 2 ( 1978 ): 32 . Adamic's writings include My America, 1928–1938 (New York: Harper, 1938); From Many Lands (New York: Harper, 1940); Two-Way Passage (New York: Harper, 1941); What's Your Name (New York: Harper, 1942); and A Nation of Nations (New York: Harper, 1945). See also Richard Weiss, “Ethnicity and Reform: Minorities and the Ambience of the Depression Years,” Journal of American History 66 (December 1979):566–85.
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• W. Lloyd Warner and Leo Srole , The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1945 ), pp. 283 – 84
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• William Greenbaum , “America in Search of a New Ideal: An Essay on the Rise of Pluralism,” Harvard Educational Review 44 ( August 1974 ): 440 .
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• Seymour W. Itzkoff , “Cultural Diversity and the Democratic Prospect,” Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science 1 ( 1976 ): 35 . On the emergence of the new ethnicity, see also Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (New York: Macmillan, 1972).
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• Theodore R. Sizer , “Education and Assimilation: A Fresh Plea for Pluralism,” Phi Delta Kappan 59 ( September 1976 ): 34 .
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