References
- William Pinar , “The Reconceptualization of Curriculum Studies, 1987: A Personal Retrospective,” Journal of Curriculum and Supervision 3 ( No. 2 , 1988 ): 157 – 167
- Ibid. , p. 167 .
- National Commission on Excellence in Education , A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1983 ); E. D. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987); Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
- E.g., Michel Foucault , The History of Sexuality , Vol. 1 , An Introduction ( London : Tavistock Press , 1979 ); Discipline and Punish: Birth of the Prison (London: Allen Lane Press, 1977).
- Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren , “Introduction: Schooling, Cultural Politics, and the Struggle for Democracy,” in Critical Pedagogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle , eds. Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren ( Albany, New York : State University of New York Press , 1989 ), pp. xi-xxxv. Quoted from p. xiii.
- Michael Apple , as quoted in Karen Mazza , “ Reconceptual Inquiry as an Alternative Mode of Curriculum Theory and Practice: A Critical Study , “Journal of Curriculum Theorizing 4 ( No. 2 , 1982 ): 5 – 88 Quoted from p. 43.
- Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis , Schooling in Capitalist America ( New York : Basic Books , 1976 ); Jeannie Oakes, Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1985).
- Philip Wexler , Rebecca Martusewicz , and June Kern , “Popular Educational Politics,” in Critical Pedagogy and Cultural Power , ed. D. Livingstone ( South Hadley , Massachusetts : Bergin & Garvey , 1987 ): 227 – 243 Quoteed from p. 242 .
- Barbara Christian , “The Race for Theory,” Cultural Critique 6 ( No. 1 , 1987 ): 51 – 63 Quoted from pp. 55 & 56.
- Ibid. , p. 58 .
- Bowles & Gintis , Schooling in Capitalist America; Michael Apple, Ideology and Curriculum ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ); Henry Giroux, Theory and Resistance in Education (South Hadley, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1983); Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 1971); Raymond Williams, Problems in Materialism and Culture (London: New Left Books, 1980).
- Henry Giroux , Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning ( South Hadley , Massachusetts : Bergin & Garvey , 1988 ), p. 206 .
- Apple, Ideology and Curriculum.
- Williams , Problems in Materialism and Culture , p. 238 .
- Giroux , Teachers as Intellectuals.
- Roger Simon , “Empowerment as a Pedagogy of Possibility,” Language Arts 64 ( No. 4 , 1987 ): 370 – 382 Quoted from pp. 372, 373, 375.
- Peter McLaren , “Language, Social Structure, and the Production of Subjectivity,” Critical Pedagogy Networker 1 ( Nos. 2–3 , 1988 ): 1 – 10 Quoted from p. 3.
- Ibid. , p. 9 .
- Giroux , Teachers as Intellectuals , p. 207 .
- Ibid. , p. xxxii.
- Ibid. , p. xxxiv.
- Ibid. , p. 126 .
- David Purpel , The Moral and Spiritual Crisis in Education: A Curriculum for Justice and Compassion in Education ( South Hadley , Massachusetts : Bergin & Garvey , 1989 ).
- Ibid. , p. 156 .
- Jennifer Gore , “ Agency, Structure and the Rhetoric of Teacher Empowerment. ” (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, March 1989 ).
- Gene Maeroff , The Empowerment of Teachers: Overcoming the Crisis of Confidence ( New York : Teachers College Press , 1988 ).
- Jean Clandinin and Michael Connelly , “Teachers' Personal Practical Knowledge: Image and Narrative Unity” (Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1984 ; working paper), p. 5.
- Seymour Sarason , The Culture of the School and the Problem of Change ( Boston : Allyn and Bacon , 1971 ).
- Kathleen Weiler , Women Teaching for Change ( South Hadley , Massachusetts : Bergin & Garvey , 1988 ).
- Nancy Lesko , Symbolizing Society: Stories, Rites and Structure in a Catholic High School ( New York : Falmer Press , 1988 ); Peter McLaren, Schooling as Ritual Performance: Towards a Political Economy of Educational Symbols and Gestures (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Jesse Goodman, Elementary Schooling for Critical Democracy (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, in press); Jeff Kuzmic, “Harmony High School: The Paradoxes of Creating an Empowering Educational Environment.” (Paper presented at the annual conference on Curriculum Theory and Classroom Practice, Dayton, Ohio, October 1988).
- Magda Lewis and Roger Simon , “A Discourse Not Intended for Her: Learning and Teaching within Patriarchy,” Harvard Educational Review 56 ( November 1986 ): 457 – 472 Florence Krall, “Behind the Chairperson's Door: Reconceptualizing Woman's Work,” in Contemporary Curriculum Discourses, ed. William Pinar (Scottsdale, Arizona: Gorsuch, Scarisbrick Press, 1988), pp. 495–513; Patti Lather, “Staying Dumb: Student Resistance to Liberatory Curriculum.” (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, April 1990); Ann Berlak, “Teaching for Outrage and Empathy in the Liberal Arts.” (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, April 1988); Janet Miller, Creating Spaces and Finding Voices: Teachers Collaborating for Empowerment (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1990).
- Henry Giroux , “Postmodernism and the Discourse of Educational Criticism,” Journal of Education 170 ( No. 3 , 1988 ): 5 – 30 Quoted from p. 16.
- Henry Giroux , “Schooling as a Form of Cultural Politics: Toward a Pedagogy of and for Difference,” in Critical Pedagogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle , eds. Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren ( Albany, New York : State University of New York Press , 1989 ): 125 – 151 Quoted from p. 132 .
- Elizabeth Ellsworth , “ Why Doesn't this Feel Empowering? Working Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy. ” (Paper presented at the annual conference on Curriculum Theory and Classroom Practice, Dayton, Ohio, October 1988 ), p. 2 .
- Rodger Simon , “For a Pedagogy of Possibility,” Critical Pedagogy Networker 1 ( No. 1 , 1988 ): 1 – 4 Quoted from p. 3.
- Wexler , Martusewicz , and Kern , “ Popular Educational Politics ,” pp. 228 – 229
- Purpel , The Moral and Spiritual Crisis in Education.