The impact of task difficulty and performance scores on student engagement and progression

References

• Aksoy , T. and Link , C. R. 2000 . A panel analysis of student mathematics achievement in the US in the 1990s: does increasing the amount of time in learning activities affect math achievement? . Economics of education review , 19 ( 3 ) : 261 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attle , S. and Baker , B. 2007 . Cooperative learning in a competitive environment: Classroom applications . International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education , 19 ( 1 ) : 77 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Social learning theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1993 . Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning . Educational Psychologist , 28 ( 2 ) : 117 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barch , D. M. , Braver , T. S. , Nystrom , L. E. , Forman , S. D. , Noll , D. C. and Cohen , J. D. 1997 . Dissociating working memory from task difficulty in human prefrontal cortex . Neuropsychologia , 35 ( 10 ) : 1373 – 1380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , E. F. 2009 . Student engagement techniques: A handbook for college faculty , San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Betts , J. R. 1997 . The role of homework in improving school quality. Working Paper , San Diego , CA : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Black , P. and Wiliam , D. 1998 . Assessment and classroom learning . Assessment in Education , 5 ( 1 ) : 7 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Black , P. and Wiliam , D. 2003 . ‘In praise of educational research’: Formative assessment . British Educational Research Journal , 29 ( 5 ) : 623 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaler , J. 1997a . Setting, social class and survival of the quickest . British Educational Research Journal , 23 ( 5 ) : 575 – 595 .
   Google Scholar
• Boaler , J. 1997b . When even the winners are losers: Evaluating the experiences of top set students . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 29 ( 2 ) : 165 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brophy, J., and N. Kher. 1990. “Teacher socialisation as a mechanism for developing student motivation to learn.” In The social psychology of education. Current research and theory, edited by R. S. Feldman, 257–288. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burguillo , J. C. 2010 . Using game theory and competition-based learning to stimulate student motivation and performance . Computers & Education , 55 ( 2 ) : 566 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , R. 1988 . Enhancing and undermining intrinsic motivation: The effects of task-involving and ego-involving evaluation on interest and performance . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 58 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carini , R. M. , Kuh , G. D. and Klein , S. P. 2006 . Student engagement and student learning: Testing the linkages . Research in Higher Education , 47 ( 1 ) : 1 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , R. P. 1993 . The case against statistical significance testing, revisited . The Journal of Experimental Educational , 61 ( 4 ) : 287 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , D. , Charles , T. , McNeill , M. , Bustard , D. and Black , M. 2011a . Game-based feedback for educational multi-user virtual environments . British Journal of Educational Technology , 42 ( 4 ) : 638 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , T. , Bustard , D. and Black , M. 2011b . “ Experiences of promoting student engagement through game-enhanced learning ” . In Serious games and edutainment applications , Edited by: Ma , Minhua , Oikonomou , Andreas and Jain , Lakhmi C. 425 – 445 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1975 . Beyond boredom and anxiety , San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1988 . The flow experience and its significance for human psychology , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dowson , M. and McInerney , D. M. 2001 . Psychological parameters of students’ social and work avoidance goals: A qualitative investigation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 ( 1 ) : 35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. and Nicholls , J. G. 1992 . Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 ( 3 ) : 290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren , O. and Henderson , D. J. 2008 . The impact of homework on student achievement . The Econometrics Journal , 11 ( 2 ) : 326 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz , C. , Morris , P. and Richler , J. 2012 . Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 141 ( 1 ) : 2 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee , J. P. 2003 . What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy . Computers in Entertainment (CIE) , 1 ( 1 ) : 20
   Google Scholar
• Hattie , J. 2009 . Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement , New York : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , V. L. 1985 . Effects of task difficulty, goal setting, and strategy on performance of a heuristic task . Journal of Applied Psychology , 70 ( 3 ) : 492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireson , J. and Hallam , S. 2005 . Pupils’ liking for school: Ability grouping, self-concept and perceptions of teaching . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 ( 2 ) : 297 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireson , J. , Hallam , S. and Hurley , C. 2005 . What are the effects of ability grouping on GCSE attainment? . British Educational Research Journal , 31 ( 4 ) : 443 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. 1982 . Time spent on homework and high school grades: A large-sample path analysis . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 ( 2 ) : 248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerry , T. 1982 . Providing for slow learners . Special Education: Forward Trends , 8 ( 4 ) : 9 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , S. and Jagacinski , C. M. 2011 . Confronting task difficulty in ego involvement: Change in performance goals . Journal of Educational Psychology , 103 ( 3 ) : 664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , S. F. , Yim , P. S. , Law , J. S. F. and Cheung , R. W. Y. 2004 . The effects of competition on achievement motivation in Chinese classrooms . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 ( 2 ) : 281 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , J. J. , Kulinna , P. H. and Cothran , D. 2002 . Motivating students through assessment . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance , 73 ( 8 ) : 18 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Natriello , G. and McDill , E. L. 1986 . Performance standards, student effort on homework, and academic achievement . Sociology of Education , 59 : 18 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1984 . Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance . Psychological review , 91 ( 3 ) : 328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organ , D. W. 1977 . Intentional vs arousal effects of goal-setting . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 18 ( 2 ) : 378 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pane , J. F. and Myers , B. A. 2006 . “ More natural programming languages and environments ” . In End user development , Edited by: Lieberman , H. , Paterno , F. and Wulf , V. 31 – 50 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. 1967 . Biology and knowledge , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. 1972 . Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood . Human Development , 15 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdie , N. and Hattie , J. 1999 . The relationship between study skills and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis . Australian Journal of Education , 43 : 72 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , K. 2011 . Out of our minds: Learning to be creative , Chichester : Capstone .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , C. R. 1951 . Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications, and theory , London : Constable .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1994 . Interpersonal expectancy effects: A 30-year perspective . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 3 ( 6 ) : 176 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosnow , R. L. and Rosenthal , R. 1996 . Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other people’s published data: General procedures for research consumers . Psychological Methods , 1 ( 4 ) : 331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. and Weinstein , N. 2009 . Undermining quality teaching and learning: A self-determination theory perspective on high-stakes testing . Theory and Research in Education , 7 ( 2 ) : 224 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Sands , M. K. and Kerry , T. 1982 . Mixed ability teaching , London : Croom Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Sharif , I. and Sargent , J. D. 2006 . Association between television, movie, and video game exposure and school performance . Pediatrics , 118 ( 4 ) : e1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shernoff , D. J. , Csikszentmihalyi , M. , Shneider , B. and Shernoff , E. S. 2003 . Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory . School Psychology Quarterly , 18 ( 2 ) : 158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestrini , N. and Gendolla , G. H. E. 2009 . The joint effect of mood, task valence, and task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response and facial EMG . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 73 ( 3 ) : 226 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowman , J. and Biehler , R. 2000 . Psychology applied to teaching , Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company .
   Google Scholar
• Squire , K. D. 2003 . Video games in education . International Journal of Intelligent Games & Simulation , 2 ( 1 ) : 49 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , J. C. 1980 . Manipulate important educational variables . Educational psychologist , 15 ( 3 ) : 164 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Trigwell , K. , Prosser , M. and Waterhouse , F. 1999 . Relations between teachers’ approaches to teaching and students’ approaches to learning . Higher Education , 37 ( 1 ) : 57 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancouver , J. B. , Thompson , C. M. , Tischner , E. C. and Putka , D. J. 2002 . Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 ( 3 ) : 506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar