Social mobility or social reproduction? A case study of the attainment patterns of students according to their social background and ethnicity

References

• Abrams, F. 2010. Learning to Fail: How Society Lets Young People Down. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Apple, M. 1982. Education and Power. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, L. 2003. Race, Masculinity and Learning – Muslim Boys and Education. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, W. 2007. “Beck, Individualisation and the Death of Class.” British Journal of Sociology 58 (3): 349–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, S. 1993. “Education Markets, Choice and Social Class: The Market as a Class Strategy in the UK and US.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 14 (1): 3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, S. 2003. “The Risks of Social Reproduction: The Middle Class and Education Markets.” London Review of Education 1 (3): 163–175.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 1999. World Risk Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 2007. “Beyond Class and Nation: Reframing Social Inequalities in a Globalizing World.” British Journal of Sociology 58 (4): 679–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 2013. “Why ‘class’ is too Soft a Category to Capture the Explosiveness of Social Inequality at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century.” British Journal of Sociology 64(1): 63–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmingham City Council. 2001. “Ethnic Origin by Ward.” Accessed August 8, 2011. http://www.birminghameconomy.org.uk/wards/wardethcomp.htm
   Google Scholar
• Birmingham City Council. 2010. “Index of Deprivation.” Accessed August 8, 2011. http://www.birminghameconomy.org.uk/sum/kfsumiod10.htm
   Google Scholar
• Blanden, J., and P. Gregg. 2004. “Family Income and Educational Attainment: A Review of Approaches and Evidence for Britain.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 20 (2): 245–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanden, J., P. Gregg, and S. Machin. 2005a. “Social Mobility in Britain: Low and Falling.” CentrePiece 10 (1): 18–20.
   Google Scholar
• Blanden, J., P. Gregg, and S. Machin. 2005b. Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America. London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Blanden, J., and S. Machin. 2007. Recent Changes in Intergenerational Mobility in Britain. London: Sutton Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Bleach, K. 2000. Raising Boys’ Achievement in Schools. 2nd ed. Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.
   Google Scholar
• Blossfeld, H., and Y. Shavit. 1993. “Persisting Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities in Thirteen Countries.” In Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Atatinment in Thirteen Countries, edited by Y. Shavit and H. Blossfeld, 1–24. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., and J.-C. Passeron. 1990. Reproduction, Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bowles, S., and H. Gintis. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America: Education and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. 1990. “Education, Attainment and the Geography of Choice.” Geography 75(1): 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. 1991. “School Performance Indicators, the Local Residential Environment, and Parental Choice.” Environment and Planning A 23: 319–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke Johnson, R., and A. Onwuegbuzie. 2004. “Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come.” Educational Researcher 33 (7): 14–16.
   Google Scholar
• Butt, G. 2010. Making Assessment Matter. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, D. 2011. Prime Minister’s Questions. Radio Five Live.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R. 1979. The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Coughlan, S. 2011. “UK Students ‘among least likely to overcome tough start.” Accessed August 8, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13794591
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, C., P. Johnson, S. Machin, and A. Vignoles. 2011. Social Mobility: A Literature Review. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills (BIS).
   Google Scholar
• Craft, M., J. Raynor, and L. Cohen. 1967. Linking Home and School. London: Longmans.
   Google Scholar
• Croxford, L., and D. Raffe. 2007. “Education Markets and Social Class Inequality: A Comparison of Trends in England, Scotland and Wales.” In International Studies in Educational Inequality, Theory and Policy. Inequality, Educational Theory and Public Policy (Vol. 3), edited by R. Teese, S. Lamb, M. Duru-Bellat and S. Helme, 39–66. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Curran, D. 2013. “Risk Society and the Distribution of Bads: Theorizing Class in the Risk Society.” British Journal of Sociology 64 (1): 44–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, P., S. Telhaj, D. Hutton, N. Adnett, and R. Coe. 2008. “Socio Economic Background, Gender and Subject Choice in Secondary Schooling.” Educational Research 50 (3): 235–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorling, D. 2012. Fair Play: A Daniel Dorling Reader on Social Justice. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, J. 1964. The Home and the School: A Study of Ability and Attainment in the Primary School. London: MacGibbon and Key.
   Google Scholar
• Driessen, G., P. Sleegers, and F. Smit. 2008. “The Transition from Primary to Secondary Education: Meritocracy and Ethnicity.” European Sociological Review 24 (4): 527–542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. 2009. “Myth: A Return to Grammars would Improve Standards.” Times Educational Supplement (TES), 27 November.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, J. 2010. “OECD: UK has Worse Social Mobility Record than other Developed Countries.” The Guardian, 10 March.
   Google Scholar
• Fenton, S. 2009. “The Things They Say and Where They Lead.” Accessed August 8, 2011. http://www.ngsa.org.uk/com-014.php
   Google Scholar
• Fitz, J., B. Davies, and J. Evans. 2006. Education Policy and Social Reproduction: Class Inscription and Symbolic Control. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, S., and S. Telhaj. 2007. “Are Schools Drifting Apart? Intake Stratification in English Secondary Schools.” Urban Studies 44 (7): 1281–1305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldthorpe, J. 2003. “The Myth of Education-based Meritocracy.” New Economy 10 (4): 234–239.
   Google Scholar
• Gorard, S. 2009. “Does the Index of Segregation Matter? The Composition of Secondary Schools in England since 1996.” British Educational Research Journal 35 (4): 639–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorard, S., and E. Smith. 2004. “What is ‘underachievement’?” School Leadership and Management 24 (2): 205–225.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, I., and V. Monastiriotis. 2007. “Education, Location, Education: A Spatial Analysis of English Secondary School Public Examination Results.” Urban Studies 44: 1203–1228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. 1999. Raise the Standard. London: Trentham Books.
   Google Scholar
• Halsey, A., A. Heath, and J. Ridge. 1980. Origins and Destinations: Family, Class and Education in Modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon.
   Google Scholar
• Hanley, L. 2011. “Social Mobility is not a Myth.” The Guardian, 20 October.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, A., and P. Clifford. 1990. “Class Inequalities in Education in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A 153 (1): 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HM Government of Scotland. 2002. “Review of Research in School Travel.” Accessed August 13, 2011. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/05/14690/4177
   Google Scholar
• HM Government. 2011. “Opening Doors, Breaking Barriers. A Strategy for Social Mobility.” Accessed August 8, 2011. http://download.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/social-mobility/opening-doors-breaking-barriers.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hutton, W. 2012. “Born Poor? Bad Luck, You Have Won Last Prize in the Lottery of Life.” The Observer, 15 July.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, D. 2007. “Risk, Globalisation and the State: A Critical Appraisal of Ulrich Beck and the World Risk Society Thesis.” Global Society 21 (1): 23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Jowit, J. 2012. “Nick Clegg rails against British class snobbery.” The Guardian, 22 May.
   Google Scholar
• Leech, N., and A. Onwuegbuzie. 2009. “A Typology of Mixed Methods Designs.” Quality and Quantity 43: 265–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moodley, K. 1992. Beyond Multicultural Education: International Perspectives. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, R., and C. Torres. 1995. Social Theory and Education: A Critique of Theories of Social and Cultural Reproduction. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2010. Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth Report. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. 2013. “Similarities and Differences between the Indices of Deprivation across the UK.” Accessed September 20, 2013. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk
   Google Scholar
• Paterson, L., and C. Iannelli. 2005. Social Class and Educational Attainment: A Comparative Study of England, Wales and Scotland, ESRC Research Project Education and Social Mobility in Scotland in the Twentieth Century (Working Paper 2). Swindon: ESRC.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, E. 2005. Analysing Underachievement in Schools. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, E. 2008. “Matter of Debate: Understanding Underachievement.” Curriculum Briefing 6 (2): 6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T., and M. Noble. 1995. Educational Divides. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. 2009. “Towards a Geography of Education.” Oxford Review of Education 35 (5): 651–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyna, B. 1987. Racial Inequality in Education. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Webber, R., and T. Butler. 2007. “Classifying Pupils by Where They Live: How Well Does This Predict Variation in Their GCSE Results?” Urban Studies 44 (7): 1229–1253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeden, P. 2011. An Investigation of Changing Patterns of Entry for GCSE Geography: Choice, Diversity and Competition. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, R., and K. Pickett. 2009. The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Young, M. 1958. The Rise of the Meritocracy. London: Thames and Hudson.
   Google Scholar
• Young, M. 1971. Knowledge and Control. London: Collier Macmillan.
   Google Scholar