Negotiating for distance: the Chinese middle-class seeking alternative education in the idyll

References

• Aggleton, P. (1987). Rebels without a cause: Middle class youth and the transition from school to work. Falmer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, M. S. (2007). Making our way through the world: Human reflexivity and social mobility. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, W. (2010). Class, individualisation and late modernity: In search of the reflexive worker. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, S. J. (2003). Class strategies and the education market: The middle classes and social advantage. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, F., & Nyíri, P. (2022). “It’s all for the child”: The discontents of middle-class Chinese parenting and migration to Europe. The China Quarterly, 251, 913–934. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741022000169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin, I. (2017). Two concepts of liberty. In D. Miller (Ed.), The liberty reader (pp. 33–57). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Binah-Pollak, A. (2014). Discourses and practices of child-rearing in China: The bio-power of parenting in Beijing. China Information, 28(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X13517617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1998). The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Calarco, J. M. (2011). “I need help!” social class and children’s help-seeking in elementary school. American Sociological Review, 76(6), 862–882. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411427177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, H., & Xu, G. (2021). 创新型小微学校的变革特征与实践展望 [Transformative features and practical perspectives of innovative small schools]. 辽宁师范大学学报:社会科学版 [Journal of Liaoning Normal University (Social Science Edition)], 44(2), 66–73.
   Google Scholar
• Crabb, M. W. (2010). Governing the middle-class family in urban China: Educational reform and questions of choice. Economy and Society, 39(3), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2010.486216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucchiara, M. B., & Horvat, E. M. (2014). Choosing selves: The salience of parental identity in the school choice process. Journal of Education Policy, 29(4), 486–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2013.849760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currid-Halkett, E. (2017). The sum of small things. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fong, V. L. (2004). Only hope: Coming of age under China’s one-child policy. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, S. L. (2023). Opting out of the city: Lifestyle migrations, alternative education, and the pursuit of happiness among Chinese middle-class families. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 29(2), 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.13917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawlicz, K. (2023). School as a site of transformative adult learning: Parents’ experiences of Polish democratic schools. Critical Studies in Education, 64(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2021.1957964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, M., Ma, J., & Teng, J. (2017). Portraits of Chinese schools. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Z. (2022). 营地教育在大理: 一场实验, 一桩生意 [Camping education in Dali: An experiment, a business]. Jiupai Caijing [九派财经]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI1NjAxNjMyNA%3D%3D&mid=2454786287&idx=1&sn=71908b3bea07d4ac21dcdb99629ce7ec&scene=45#wechat_redirect
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, E. (2017). Choosing schools, choosing selves: Exploring the influence of parental identity and biography on the school choice process in Delhi, India. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 26(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2017.1279560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans. (2021, February 5). 关停、争议、新建, 中国创新学校的不同命运曲线 [Shutdown, controversy, establishment, the curves of different fate of China's innovative schools]. 新学说 [NewSchool Insight]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GUK7dPSpnK_8FcnpnGmeIg.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, B., & Lai, A. L. (2016). Class talk: Habitus and class in parental narratives of school choice. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(13–14), 1284–1307. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2016.1170719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. (2022). Looking at the ‘field’ through a zoom lens: Methodological reflections on conducting online research during a global pandemic. Qualitative Research, 22(3), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120985691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, Z. M. (2021). Meritocracy and its discontents: Anxiety and the national college entrance exam in China. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jowett, A., Peel, E., & Shaw, R. (2011). Online interviewing in psychology: Reflections on the process. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(4), 354–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2010.500352
   Google Scholar
• Kardaszewicz, K. (2019). New rules of the game? Education and governmentality in Chinese migration to Poland. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 28(3), 353–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196819877004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, T. H., & MacEachen, E. (2022). An alternative method of interviewing: Critical reflections on videoconference interviews for qualitative data collection. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221090063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, A., & Li, Z. (2022). “Start-up” capital: Cultivating the elite child in an elite international kindergarten in Shenzhen, China. Oxford Review of Education, 48(6), 727–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2021.2013188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraftl, P. (2013). Geographies of alternative education: Diverse learning spaces for children and young people. Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lan, P.-C. (2014). Being parents, doing class: Parenting narratives, childrearing practice, and class inequality in Taiwan. Taiwanese Sociology, 27, 97–140.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H. (2000). Education in traditional China: A history. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C. (2010). Characterizing China’s middle class: Heterogeneous composition and multiple identities. In C. Li (Ed.), China’s emerging middle class: Beyond economic transformation (pp. 135–156). Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q., & Wang, H. (2017). The size, structure, and development strategy of the middle class in China [我国中产阶层的规模、结构问题与发展对策]. Sociology [社会], 37(3), 163–179.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, X. (2019). “Purchasing hope”: The consumption of children’s education in urban China. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 6(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-018-0090-9
   Google Scholar
• Mi, Y. (2021, November 2). The new popular parenting term in China is “jiwa” — or “chicken blood”. Insider. https://www.insider.com/jiwa-parenting-why-is-it-so-popular-in-china-2021-10
   Google Scholar
• Naftali, O. (2010). Recovering childhood: Play, pedagogy, and the rise of psychological knowledge in contemporary urban China. Modern China, 36(6), 589–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700410377594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, P. A., Guta, A., & Black, T. (2021). Ethical considerations for qualitative research methods during the COVID-19 pandemic and other emergency situations: Navigating the virtual field. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211047823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notar, B. E. (2006). Displacing desire: Travel and popular culture in China. University of Hawaii Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824862190
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, H., & Madge, C. (2017). Online interviewing. In R. Eynon, J. Fry, & R. Schroeder (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 416–434). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Qi, S. (2021, May 10). 退出内卷去大理, 那些“非鸡娃”家庭后来怎样了[Quitting from the competition and migrating to Dali: What happened to those ‘non-chicken-blood-parenting’ families]. Sanlian Life Weekly [三联生活周刊]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/-MMvAt9A3_JcIVqnMdHDrg
   Google Scholar
• Qiu, Y., & Li, A. (2018, July 12). 在大理, 寻找教育的伊甸园 [In Dali, searching for educational Garden of Eden]. 南方人物周刊 [Southern People Weekly]. https://www.nfpeople.com/article/8410
   Google Scholar
• Reay, D. (2015). Habitus and the psychosocial: Bourdieu with feelings. Cambridge Journal of Education, 45(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2014.990420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reay, D., Crozier, G., & James, D. (2011). White middle-class identities and urban schooling. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rocca, J.-L. (2017). The making of the Chinese middle class: Small comfort and great expectations. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569
   Google Scholar
• Sayer, R. A. (2005). The moral significance of class. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenhals, M. (1992). Doing things with words in Chinese politics: Five studies. University of California. Institute of East Asian studies.
   Google Scholar
• Sheng, X. (2014). Learning with mothers: A study of home schooling in China. Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabai, A. (2020). Mother of a person: Neoliberalism and narratives of parenting children with disabilities. Disability & Society, 35(1), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1621739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai, Q. (2014). China’s media censorship: A dynamic and diversified regime. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(2), 185–210. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800008900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, S. (2022). In search of the ‘best’ option: American private secondary education for upper-middle-class Chinese teenagers. Current Sociology, 70(6), 824–842. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211034899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uboldi, A. (2020). The indifference of distinction. Art schools and the noblesse oblige of privileged students. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(3), 346–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1726170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C. (2022). Resurgence of confucian education in contemporary China: Parental involvement, moral anxiety, and the pedagogy of memorisation. Journal of Moral Education, 52(3), 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2022.2066639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., & Fan, X. (2023). Academic stress and sleep quality among Chinese adolescents: Chain mediating effects of anxiety and school burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, X. (2020). Capital, habitus, and education in contemporary China: Understanding motivations of middle-class families in pursuing studying abroad in the United States. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 52(12), 1314–1328. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1767074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, R. S. (1994). Learning from strangers: The art and method of qualitative interview studies. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woronov, T. E. (2008). Raising quality, fostering creativity: Ideologies and practices of education reform in Beijing. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 39(4), 401–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1492.2008.00030.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J. (2019). Confucian revival and the hybrid educational narratives in contemporary China: A critical rethinking of scale in globalisation and education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 17(4), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2018.1558048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X. (2011). The power of positional competition and market mechanism: An empirical study of parental choice of junior middle school in Nanning, PR China. Research Papers in Education, 26(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520903114891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, W., & Spruyt, B. (2022). “The road less travelled”: towards a typology of alternative education in China. Comparative Education, 58(4), 434–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2022.2108615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. (2018). 中国创新小微学校调查报告 [China's innovation school development report]. In D. P. Yang (Ed.), 中国教育发展报告 2018 [Annual report on China's education 2018] (pp. 272–290). Social Science Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• You, Y. (2007). A deep reflection on the “key school system” in basic education in China. Frontiers of Education in China, 2(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-007-0019-6
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, X. (2021). Refusing educational desire: Negotiating faith and precarity at an underground Chinese Christian school. Asian Anthropology, 20(3), 190–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478X.2021.1930468
   Google Scholar
• Żadkowska, M., Dowgiałło, B., Gajewska, M., Herzberg-Kurasz, M., & Kostecka, M. (2022). The sociological confessional: A reflexive process in the transformation from face-to-face to online interview. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221084785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zha, M. (2018). “中国创新教育的‘大理现象’”[‘Dali phenomenon’ and education innovation in China]. LIFE Education Innovation [LIFE教育创新]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1OYTbM-pvHeBN3P1vHfPGw
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W. (2020). Shadow education in the service of tiger parenting: Strategies used by middle-class families in China. European Journal of Education, 55(3), 388–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Yan, Y., Ye, Z., & Xie, J. (2023). Descriptive analysis of depression among adolescents in Huangshi, China. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 176–176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04682-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Deng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Q., Gao, X., Di, L., Che, Q., Du, X., Cai, Y., Han, X., & Zhao, Q. (2015). A cross sectional study between the prevalence of chronic pain and academic pressure in adolescents in China (Shanghai). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 16(1), 219–219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0625-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao, X., Selman, R. L., & Luke, A. (2019). Academic competition and parental practice: A study of habitus and change. In G. M. Mu, K. Dooley, & A. Luke (Eds.), Bourdieu and Chinese education (pp. 144–174). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zhen, Y. (2022). 北京中产父母, 到大理鸡娃 [Middle-class in Beijing, pushing their children to success in Dali]. New Weekly [新周刊]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fMaitVnvpQLqalQx-IX71A.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, C. (2023). Seeking balance: Chinese middle-class parents’ choice imaginaries under Synchronous Admission Reform. International Journal of Educational Development, 96, 102699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Mau, A., & Jordan, L. (2022). Gaming the no-choice system? School choice and persistent educational inequality in China. Research Papers in Education, 37(1), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1814849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar