Are Ballot Initiatives a Good Way to Make Education Policy? The Case of Affirmative Action

REFERENCES

• Ash , Katie . 2008, October 8 . Education in Spotlight on Statewide Ballots . Education Week , 28 : 14 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press . 2009, June 18 . Ariz. House OKs Measure Against Bias, Preferences . Associated Press , http://www.kswt.com/Global/story.asp?S=10559424&nav=menu613_2_6. (accessed September 14, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Ballotpedia . n.d.a. . “ Colorado 2008 Citizen Initiatives ” . http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Colorado_2008_citizen_initiatives. (accessed February 21, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Ballotpedia . n.d.b. . “ Colorado Civil Rights Initiative ” . http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Colorado_Amendment_46_(2008). (accessed February 21, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Bassett , Jessica . 2008, December 29 . Connerly and Asher Attempt Another Affirmative Action Ban in Missouri . Wilmington Journal , http://www.wilmingtonjournal.com/News/article/article.asp?NewsID=93426&sID=33 (accessed January 16, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Bowler , Shaun and Donovan , Todd . 2000 . Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting, and Direct Democracy , Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Broder , David S. 2000 . Democracy Derailed: Initiative Campaigns and the Power of Money , New York : Harcourt .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Susan K. and Hirschman , Charles . 2006 . The End of Affirmative Action in Washington State and Its Impact on the Transition from High School to College . Sociology of Education , 79 : 106 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras , Frances . 2005 . The Reconstruction of Merit Post-Proposition 209 . Educational Policy , 19 : 371 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , Don . 2009, August 28 . Voters Could Decide 7 Ballot Initiatives in 2010 . South County Times , http://www.southcountytimes.com/Articles-i-2009-08-28-166427.113118_Voters_Could_Decide_7_Ballot_Initiatives_In_2010.html. (accessed September 14, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Corry , Jessica P. 2008, October 15 . Yes on 46 for Equal Opportunity . The Denver Post , http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_10728648
   Google Scholar
• Denverpost.com . 2008, November 7 . Amendment 46-Discrimination by Gov Results . Denver Post , http://data.denverpost.com/election/results/amendment/2008/46-discrimination-by-gov/. (accessed November 7, 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , Lisa M. 2006 . Does Ending Affirmative Action in College Admissions Lower the Percent of Minority Students Applying to College? . Economics of Education Review , 25 : 109 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , Todd A. and Bowler , Shaun . 1998 . “ An Overview of Direct Democracy in the American States ” . In Citizens as Legislators: Direct Democracy in the United States , Edited by: Bowler , Shaun , Donovan , Todd and Tolbert , Caroline J. 1 – 21 . Columbus : Ohio State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Donovan , Todd , Bowler , Shaun and McCuan , David S. 2001 . “ Political Consultants and the Initiative Industrial complex ” . In Dangerous Democracy? The Battle over Ballot Initiatives in America , Edited by: Sabato , Larry J. , Ernst , Howard R. and Larson , Bruce A. 101 – 134 . Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , Richard J. 2002 . Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America , Lawrence : University Press of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Frosch , Dan . 2008, April 1 . Colorado Petition Draws Charges of Deception . New York Times , http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/us/01denver. (accessed February 24, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Gamble , Barbara S. 1997 . Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote . American Journal of Political Science , 41 : 245 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodin , Robert . 2003 . Reflective Democracy , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guetzloe , Douglas M. 2001 . “ Initiative Politics: A Useful Blend of Vested Interests and Citizen Politics ” . In Dangerous Democracy? The Battle over Ballot Initiatives in America , Edited by: Sabato , Larry J. , Ernst , Howard R. and Larson , Bruce A. 30 – 32 . Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Guinier , Lani . 1994 . The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gutmann , Amy . 1999 . Democratic Education , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gutmann , Amy and Thompson , Dennis . 2004 . Why Deliberative Democracy? , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Healthy Democracy Oregon . 2009 . “ The Citizens’ Initiative Review ” . http://www.healthydemocracyoregon.org/about_CIR. (accessed September 14, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Healy , Patrick . 1998, May 29 . Berkeley Struggles to Stay Diverse in Post-Affirmative Action Era . Chronicle of Higher Education , : A31 – A33 .
   Google Scholar
• Holt , J. 2006, April 23 . Export This? . The New York Times Magazine , http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/magazine/23wwln_lede.html.
   Google Scholar
• Jones , B. 1996, November 5 . Statement of Vote , Sacramento, CA : California Secretary of State . http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1996_general/sov_nov96.pdf. (accessed February 24, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Kidder , William C. 2005 . The Struggle for Access from Sweatt to Grutter . Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal , 19 : 1 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , Jeffrey W. 2008 October 3 . “ Political Group to Sue Secretary of State's Office. 9News Colorado ” . http://www.9news.com/news/local/article.aspx?storyid=101007&catid=222. (accessed September 14, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Long , Marc C. 2007 . Affirmative Action and Its Alternatives in Public Universities: What Do We Know? . Public Administration Review , 67 : 315 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madison , James . 1788, March 1 . Federalist , 63 : 422 – 429 . http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s27.html. (accessed February 24, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Madison , James . 1829, December 2 . Speech in the Virginia Constitutional Convention http://www.constitution.org/jm/18291202_vaconcon.htm. (accessed February 24, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Matsusaka , John G. 2004 . For the Many or the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy, and American Democracy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell , Lorraine M. 2007 . “ The Politics of Education: Influencing Policy and Beyond ” . In The State of Education Policy Research , Edited by: Cohen , David K. , Fuhrman , Susan H. and Mosher , Fritz . 19 – 39 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Michigan Department of State . n.d. . Election Results [raw data] Retrieved February 24, 2009, from http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/06GEN/90000002.html
   Google Scholar
• Morris , Monique W. , Thanasombat , Sirithan , Sumner , Michael D. , Pierre , Sara and Borja , Jessica Z. 2006 . Free to Compete? Measuring the Impact of Proposition 209 on Minority Business Enterprises , Berkeley : Discrimination Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Moses , M. S. 2002 . Embracing Race: Why We Need Race-Conscious Education Policy , NY : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moses, M. S. and L. P. Saenz. 2008. “Hijacking Education Policy Decisions: The Case of Affirmative Action.” Harvard Educational Review, 78(2): 289–310
   Google Scholar
• Moses, M. S., J. T. Yun, and P. Marin. 2009. “Affirmative Action's Fate: Are 20 More Years Enough?” Education Policy Analysis Archives, 17(17). http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v17n17/
   Google Scholar
• Nebraska Election Division . n.d. . 2008 Election Results http://www.sos.ne.gov/elec/2008/ElectNight/general.htm. (accessed February 24 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson , Stephen P. 2005 . Voting the Agenda: Candidates, Elections, and Ballot Propositions , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , Samuel C. 1998 . “ Foreword ” . In Citizens as Legislators: Direct Democracy in the United States , Edited by: Bowler , Shaun , Donovan , Todd and Tolbert , Caroline J. vii – ix . Columbus : Ohio State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sabato , Larry J. , Ernst , Howard R. and Larson , Bruce A. 2001a . “ A Call for Change: Making the Best of Initiative Politics ” . In Dangerous Democracy? The Battle over Ballot Initiatives in America , Edited by: Sabato , Larry J. , Ernst , Howard R. and Larson , Bruce A. 179 – 190 . Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Sabato , Larry J. , Ernst , Howard R. and Larson , Bruce A. 2001b . Dangerous Democracy?: The Battle Over Ballot Initiatives in America , Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Saenz , Lauren P. 2010 . Education Policy by Ballot Box: Examining the Impact of Anti-Affirmative Action Initiatives , Unpublished Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , Marisa . 2008, October 20 . U-M Reports Slight Decline in Minority Enrollment . The Detroit News , http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081020/METRO/810200397. (accessed February 20, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Slevin , Colleen . 2008, November 7 . Colorado Voters Reject Affirmative Action Ban . Denver Post , http://www.denverpost.com/ci_10926423. (accessed November 7, 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Daniel A. and Tolbert , Caroline J. 2004 . Educated by Initiative: The Effects of Direct Democracy on Citizens and Political Organizations in the American States , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Super Tuesday for Equal Rights . n.d. . http://www.supertuesday2008.org. (accessed February 26, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• The Detroit News Statewide Exit Poll. 2006. The Detroit News. Retrieved May 8, 2007 from http://info.detnews.com/pix/2006/pdf/elect_props.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Washington Secretary of State . n.d. . Elections and Voting: Election Results Search http://www.secstate.wa.gov/elections/results_search.aspx. (accessed February 24, 2009) [searchable online database]
   Google Scholar
• Young , Iris Marion . 2002 . Inclusion and Democracy , Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar