Age-related differences in warning symbol comprehension and training effectiveness: effects of familiarity, complexity, and comprehensibility

References

• Administration on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services . 2010 . Projected future growth of the older population Available from: http://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/aging_statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx#age [Accessed 13 August 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Alain , C. , Ogawa , K. H. and Woods , D. L. 1996 . Aging and the segregation of auditory stimulus sequences . Journal of Gerontechnology. Series B, Psychological Sciences & Social Science , 51 : 91 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , P. A. , Weber , T. A. and Madden , D. J. 1994 . Adult age differences in attention: filtering or selection? . Journal of Gerontechnology , 49 : 213 – 222 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) . 2007 . ANSI Z535.3-2007 , Rosslyn, VA : National Electrical Manufacturers Association .
   Google Scholar
• Anastasi , A. and Urbina , S. 1997 . Psychological testing , Michigan : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . n.d . Morbidity and mortality weekly report Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr//mmwrsrch.htm [Accessed 13 August 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Chan , A. H.S. and Ng , A. W.Y. 2010 . Effects of sign characteristics and training methods on safety sign training effectiveness . Ergonomics , 53 : 1325 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti , D. V. and Sparrow , S. S. 1981 . Development of criteria for establishing the interrater reliability of specific items in a given inventory: applications to assessment ofadaptive behavior . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 86 : 127 – 137 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , G. 1979 . Language comprehension in old age . Cognitive Psychology , 11 : 412 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , B. L. and Lerner , N. D. 1982 . Assessment of fire-safety symbols . Human Factors , 24 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss , H. 1984 . Symbol sourcebook: an authoritative guide to international graphic symbols , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Easterby , R. S. and Hakiel , S. R. 1981 . Field testing of consumer safety signs: the comprehension of pictorially presented messages . Applied Ergonomics , 12 : 143 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischoff , B. 1975 . Hindsight ≠ foresight: the effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 1 : 288 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , H. E. , Rogers , W. A. and Fisk , A. D. Understanding age-related differences in the perception and comprehension of symbolic warning information . Proceedings of the HFES 43rd annual meeting . pp. 617 – 621 . Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Hancock , P. A. , Lesch , M. and Simmons , L. 2003 . The distraction effects of phone use during a crucial driving maneuver . Accident Analysis and Prevention , 35 : 501 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , H. E. 2004 . Safety symbol comprehension: effects of symbol type, familiarity, and age . Human Factors , 46 : 183 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. 1991 . Age and inhibition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 17 ( 1 ) : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost , K. 2010 . “ Are old adults just like low working memory young adults? Filtering efficiency and age differences in visual working memory ” . In Cerebral Cortex first published online: 30 September 2010
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. 1994 . Inhibitory attentional mechanisms and aging . Psychology and Aging , 9 ( 1 ) : 103 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2003 . Comprehension and memory for warning symbols: age-related differences and impact of training . Journal of Safety Research , 34 : 495 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. Age-related effects on warning symbol comprehension . Proceedings of the HFES 48th annual meeting . pp. 233 – 237 . Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. A semantic relatedness paradigm for assessing comprehension of warning symbols . Proceedings of the HFES 49th annual meeting . Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2008a . A comparison of two training methods for improving warning symbol comprehension . Applied Ergonomics , 39 : 135 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2008b . Warning symbols as reminders of hazards: impact of training . Accident Analysis & Prevention , 40 : 1005 – 1012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , K. Y. and Zeger , S. L. 1986 . Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models . Biometrika , 73 : 13 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenberger , U. , Marsiske , M. and Baltes , P. B. 2000 . Memorizing while walking: increase in dual-task costs from young adulthood to old age . Psychology and Aging , 15 : 417 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , L. and Craik , F. I.M. 2008 . Aging and memory: a cognitive approach . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 53 : 346 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , D. L. and Laux , L. F. Recognizability and effectiveness of warning symbols and pictorials . Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting . pp. 984 – 988 . Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors Society .
   Google Scholar
• McCalley , L. T. , Bouwhuis , D. G. and Juola , J. F. 1995 . Age changes in the distribution of visual attention . Journals of Gerontechnology. Series B, Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences , 50 : 316 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. , Arenberg , D. and Costa , P. T. 1987 . Declines in divergent thinking with age: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential analyses . Psychology and Aging , 2 : 130 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modley , R. 1976 . Handbook of pictorial symbols: 3,250 examples from international sources , New York : Dover Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R. W. , Park , D. C. and Poon , L. W. 1990 . Effects of labeling techniques on memory and comprehension of prescription information in young and old adults . Journal of Gerontology , 45 : 166 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . n.d . Alerts Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/alerts2.html
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , T. A. , Rogers , W. A. and Fisk , A. D. 2003 . Do you know how old your participants are? Recognizing the importance of participant age classifications . Ergonomics in Design , 11 : 22 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , A. W. and Chan , A. H. 2007 . The guess ability of trafficsigns: effects of prospective-user factors and designfeatures . Accident Analysis and Prevention , 39 : 1245 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , A. W. and Chan , A. H. 2011 . Investigation of the effectiveness of traffic sign training in terms of training methods and sign characteristics . Traffic Injury Prevention , 12 : 283 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , M. W. 1989 . Telling tales: aging, working memory, and the narrative cohesion of story retellings . Developmental Psychology , 25 : 628 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissenberg , M. and Glanzer , M. 1987 . Free recall and word finding ability in normal aging and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type: the effect of item concreteness . Journal of Gerontology , 42 : 318 – 422 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1985 . A Theory of cognitive aging , Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1989 . The effects of adult age and working memory on reasoning and spatial abilities . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 507 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration . n.d . Safety hazard alerts Available from: http://www.msha.gov/ [Accessed 13 August 2011]
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration . n.d . Accident report fatal facts Available from: http://www.osha-slc.gov/OshDoc/toc_FatalFacts.html [Accessed 13 August 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Wolff , J. S. and Wogalter , M. S. 1998 . Comprehension of pictorial symbols: effects of context and test method . Human Factors , 40 : 173 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacks , R. T. , Radvansky , G. and Hasher , L. 1996 . Studies of directed forgetting in older adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 : 143 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaga , H. J. and Boersema , T. 1983 . Evaluation of a set of graphic symbols . Applied Ergonomics , 14 : 43 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar