Effect of backpack load on the head, cervical spine and shoulder postures in children during gait termination

References

• Brackley, H. M., J. M.Stevenson, and J. C.Selinger. 2009. “Effect of Backpack Load Placement on Posture and Spinal Curvature in Prepubescent Children.” Work32 (3): 351–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chansirinukor, W., D.Wilson, K.Grimmer, and B.Dansie. 2001. “Effects of Backpacks on Students: Measurement of Cervical and Shoulder Posture.” The Australia Journal of Physiotherapy47 (2): 110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, C. H., S. T.Shum, S. F.Tang, P. C.Yau, and T. T.Chiu. 2009. “The Correlation between Craniovertebral Angle, Backpack Weights, and Disability due to Neck Pain in Adolescents.” Journal of Back Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation22 (4): 197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H. K., M. L. Y.Kwok, A. C. K.Au-Yang, A. D.Holmes, J. C. Y.Cheng, F. Y. D.Yao, and M. S.Wong. 2011. “The Effect of Backpack Load on the Gait of Normal Adolescent Girls.” Ergonomics48 (6): 642–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, Y. H., P. F.Tang, H. Y.Chen, and C. H.Cheng. 2009. “Altered Muscle Activation Characteristics Associated with Single Volitional Forward Stepping in Middle-Aged Adults.” Clinical Biomechanics24 (9): 735–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, T. J., M. G.Bellizzi, K. M.Flegal, and W. H.Dietz. 2000. “Establishing a Standard Definition for Child Overweight and Obesity Worldwide: International Survey.” British Medical Journal320 (7244): 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, K. E., S. L.Matrangola, and M. L.Madigan. 2012. “Independent Effects of Adding Weight and Inertia on Balance during Quiet Standing.” Biomedical Engineering Online11 (20), http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/11/1/20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshmandi, H., F.Rahmani-Nia, and S. H.Hosseini. 2008. “Effect of Carrying School Backpacks on Cardio-respiratory Changes in Adolescent Students.” Sport Sciences for Health4 (1–2): 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Griegel-Morris, P., K.Laison, K.Muller-Klaus, and C. A.Oatis. 1992. “Incidence of Common Postural Abnormalities in the Cervical, Shoulder and Thoracic Regions and Their Association with Pain in Two Age Group of Healthy Subjects.” Physical Therapy72 (6): 425–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer, K. A., M. T.Williams, and T. K.Gill. 1999. “The Associations between Adolescent Head-on-Neck Posture, Backpack Weight, and Anthropometric Features.” Spine24 (21): 2262–2267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hase, K., and R. B.Stein. 1998. “Analysis of Rapid Stopping during Human Walking.” Journal of Neurophysiology80: 255–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., D. P. T.Fong, and J. X.Li. 2011. “The Effect of School Bag Design and Load on Spinal Posture during Stair Use by Children.” Ergonomics54 (12): 1207–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., J. X.Li, and D. P. T.Fong. 2008. “Effect of Prolonged Walking with Backpack Loads on Trunk Muscle Activity and Fatigue in Children.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology18 (6): 990–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., J. X.Li, A. S.Wang, and P. D.Robinson. 2000. “Effects of Load Carriage on Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Energy Expenditure in Children.” Ergonomics43 (6): 717–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, R. J., and P.Vanitchaitchavan. 1992. “Ground Reaction Forces during Termination of Human Gait.” Journal of Biomechanics25: 1233–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. H., C. H.Yi, O. Y.Kwon, S. H.Cho, and W. G.Yoo. 2008. “Changes in Neck Muscle Electromyography and Forward Head Posture of Children when Carrying Schoolbags.” Ergonomics51 (6): 890–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kistner, F., I.Fiebert, and K.Roach. 2012. “Effect of Backpack Load Carriage on Cervical Posture in Primary Schoolchildren.” Work41 (1): 99–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai, J. P., and A. Y.Jones. 2001. “The Effect of Shoulder-Girdle Loading by a School Bag on Lung Volumes in Chinese Primary School Children.” Early Human Development62 (1): 79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, H. W., and S. J.Legg. 2008. “Postural and Subjective Responses to Realistic Schoolbag Carriage.” Ergonomics51 (2): 217–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menz, H. B., S. R.Lord, and R. C.Fitzpatrick. 2003. “Acceleration Patterns of the Head and Pelvis when Walking on Level and Irregular Surfaces.” Gait & Posture18 (1): 35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, M., U.Singh, and N.Quddus. 2007. “Effect of Backpack Loading on Cervical and Shoulder Posture in Indian School Children.” Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy1 (2): 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, S., P.Buckle, and D.Stubbs. 2007. “A Cross-sectional Study of Self-reported Back and Neck Pain among English Schoolchildren and Associated Physical and Psychological Risk Factors.” Applied Ergonomics38 (6): 797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates, A. R., K.van Ooteghem, J. S.Frank, A. E.Patla, and F. B.Horak. 2013. “Adaptation of Gait Termination on a Slippery Surface in Parkinson's Disease.” Gait & Posture37 (4): 516–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazaki, S., S.Nishiike, H.Watanabe, T.Imai, A.Uno, T.Kitahara, A.Horii, T.Kamakura, Y.Takimoto, N.Takeda, and H.Inohara. 2013. “Effects of Repeated Optic Flow Stimulation on Gait Termination in Humans.” Acta Oto-Laryngologica133 (3): 246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe, D. D., D. E.Pascoe, Y. T.Wang, D. M.Shim, and C. K.Kim. 1997. “Influence of Carrying Book Bags on Gait Cycle and Posture of Youths.” Ergonomics40 (6): 631–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pau, M., and M.Pau. 2010. “Postural Sway Modifications Induced by Backpack Carriage in Primary School Children: A Case Study in Italy.” Ergonomics53 (7): 872–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzo, T., Y.Levik, and A.Berthoz. 1995. “Head and Trunk Movements in the Frontal Plane during Complex Dynamic Equilibrium Tasks in Humans.” Experimental Brain Research106 (2): 327–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine, S., and L. T.Twomey. 1997. “Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation78 (11): 1215–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramprasad, M., J.Alias, and A. K.Raghuveer. 2010. “Effect of Backpack Weight on Postural Angles in Preadolescent Children.” Indian Pediatrics47 (7): 575–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridge, S. T., J.Henley, K.Manal, F.Miller, and J. G.Richardse. 2013. “Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Planned and Unplanned Gait Termination in Children.” Gait & Posture37 (2): 178–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Oviedo, P., A.Ruano-Ravina, M.Pérez-Ríos, F. B.García, D.Gómez-Fernández, A.Fernández-Alonso, I.Carreira-Núñez, P.García-Pacios, and J.Turiso. 2012. “School Children's Backpacks, Back Pain and Back Pathologies.” Archives of Disease in Childhood97 (8): 730–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, A. G., T. D.Punt, P.Sharples, J. P.Vilas-Boas, and M. I.Johnson. 2009. “Head Posture and Neck Pain of Chronic Nontraumatic Origin: A Comparison between Patients and Pain-Free Persons.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation90 (4): 669–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirosh, O., and W. A.Sparrow. 2004. “Gait Termination in Young and Older Adults: Effects of Stopping Stimulus Probability and Stimulus Delay.” Gait & Posture19 (3): 243–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirosh, O., and W. A.Sparrow. 2005. “Age and Walking Speed Effects on Muscle Recruitment in Gait Termination.” Gait & Posture21 (3): 279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevelyan, F. C., and S. J.Legg. 2011. “Risk Factors Associated with Back Pain in New Zealand School Children.” Ergonomics54 (3): 257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Keeken, H. G., A. H.Vrieling, A. L.Hof, K.Postema, and B.Otten. 2013. “Controlling Horizontal Deceleration during Gait Termination in Transfemoral Amputees: Measurements and Simulations.” Medical Engineering & Physics35 (5): 583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittfield, J., S. J.Legg, and D. I.Hedderley. 2005. “Schoolbag Weight and Musculoskeletal Symptoms in New Zealand Secondary Schools.” Applied Ergonomics36 (2): 193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersema, B. M., E. J.Wall, and S. L.Foad. 2003. “Acute Backpack Injuries in Children.” Pediatrics111 (1): 163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar