Exploring schema-driven differences in situation awareness between road users: an on-road study of driver, cyclist and motorcyclist situation awareness

References

• Clabaux, N., T.Brenac, C.Perrin, J.Magnin, B.Canu, and P.Van Elslande. 2012. “Motorcyclists' Speed and ‘Looked-But-Failed-to-See’ Accidents.” Accident Analysis and Prevention49: 73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, D. D., P.Ward, C.Bartle, and W.Truman. 2007. “The Role of Motorcyclist and Other Driver Behaviour in Two Types of Serious Accident in the UK.” Accident Analysis & Prevention39 (5): 974–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall, D., E.Crundall, D.Clarke, and A.Shahar. 2012. “Why Do Car Drivers Fail to Give Way to Motorcycles at T-Junctions.” Accident Analysis and Prevention44 (1): 88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvik, R.2010. “Why Some Road Safety Problems Are More Difficult to Solve Than Others.” Accident Analysis & Prevention42 (4): 1089–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endsley, M. R.1995. “Towards A Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems.” Human Factors37: 32–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grech, M., T. Horberry, and A. Smith. 2002. “Human Error in Maritime Operations: Analyses of Accident Reports Using the Leximancer Tool.” Paper presented at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th annual meeting, USA, pp. 1718–1722.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, P. A., G.Wulf, D.Thom, and P.Fassnacht. 1990. “Driver Workload During Differing Driving Maneuvers.” Accident Analysis and Prevention22 (3): 281–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herslund, M., and N. O.Jørgensen. 2003. “Looked-But-Failed-to-See-Errors in Traffic.” Accident Analysis and Prevention35 (6): 885–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoc, J. M., and J.Leplat. 1983. “Evaluation of Different Modalities of Verbalization in a Sorting Task.” International Journal of Man–Machine Studies18: 283–306.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, R. J., C.Baber, R.McMaster, N. A.Stanton, P. M.Salmon, R.Stewart, and G. H.Walker. 2006. “Command and Control in Emergency Services Operations: A Social Network Analysis.” Ergonomics49: 1204–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan, B., M.Kaarstad, G.Hauland, and K.Follesoe. 1995. “See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil: Verbal Protool Analysis, Eye Movement Analysis, and Nuclear Power Plant Diagnosis.” In Contemporary Ergonomics, edited by S. A.Roberston. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Magazzù, D., M.Comelli, and A.Marinoni. 2006. “Are Car Drivers Holding A Motorcycle License Less Responsible for Motorcycle–Car Crash Occurrence? A Non-Parametric Approach.” Accident Analysis & Prevention38 (2): 365–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundutéguy, C., and I.Ragot-Court. 2011. “A Contribution to Situation Awareness Analysis: Understanding How Mismatched Expectations Affect Road Safety.” Human Factors53 (6): 687–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser, U.1976. Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology. San Francisco: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Plant, K. L., and N. A.Stanton. 2013. “The Explanatory Power of Schema Theory: Theoretical Foundations and Future Applications in Ergonomics.” Ergonomics56 (1): 1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragot-Court, I., C.Mundutéguy, and J.-Y.Fournier. 2012. “Risk and Threat Factors in Prior Representations of Driving Situations Among Powered Two-wheelers Riders and Car Drivers.” Accident Analysis and Prevention49: 96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., N. A.Stanton, G. H.Walker, C. Baber, D. P.Jenkins, and R.McMaster. 2008. “What Really is Going on? Review of Situation Awareness Models for Individuals and Teams.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science9 (4): 297–323.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., N. A.Stanton, and K. L.Young. 2012. “Situation Awareness on the Road: Review, Theoretical and Methodological Issues, and Future Directions.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science13 (4): 472–492.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., K. L.Young, and M.Cornelissen. 2013. “Compatible Cognition Amongst Road Users: The Compatibility of Driver, Motorcyclist, and Cyclist Situation Awareness.” Safety Science56: 6–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, P. M., A. G.Verhage, and R. B.Fuld. 1989. “State-space and Verbal Protocol Methods for Studying the Human Operator in Process Control.” Ergonomics32 (11): 1343–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahar, A., D.Poulter, D.Clarke, and D.Crundall. 2010. “Motorcyclists' and Car Drivers' Responses to Hazards.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour13: 243–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K., and P. A.Hancock. 1995. “Situation Awareness is Adaptive, Externally Directed Consciousness.” Human Factors37 (1): 137–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A.2013. “Representing Distributed Cognition in Complex Systems: How a Submarine Returns to Periscope Depth.” Ergonomics. 10.1080/00140139.2013.772244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N., P. M.Salmon, G. H.Walker, and D. P.Jenkins. 2009. “Genotype and Phenotype Schema and Their Role in Distributed Situation Awareness in Collaborative Systems.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science10 (1): 43–68.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A., R.Stewart, D.Harris, R. J.Houghton, C.Baber, R.McMaster, P. M.Salmon, G.Hoyle, G. H.Walker, M. S.Young, M.Linsell, R.Dymott, and D.Green. 2006. “Distributed Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems: Theoretical Development and Application of an Ergonomics Methodology.” Ergonomics49: 1288–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. H., N. A.Stanton, C.Baber, L.Wells, D. P.Jenkins, and P. M.Salmon. 2010. “From Ethnography to the EAST Method: A Tractable Approach for Representing Distributed Cognition in Air Traffic Control.” Ergonomics53 (2): 184–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. H., N. A.Stanton, T. A.Kazi, P. M.Salmon, and D. P.Jenkins. 2009. “Does Advanced Driver Training Improve Situation Awareness?” Applied Ergonomics40 (4): 678–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. H., N. A.Stanton, and P. M.Salmon. May, 2011. “Cognitive Compatibility of Motor-Cyclists and Car Drivers.” Accident Analysis & Prevention43 (3): 878–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, C. B., and J. K.Caird. 2010. “The Blind Date: The Effects of Change Blindness, Passenger Conversation and Gender on Looked-But-Failed-to-See (LBFTS) Errors.” Accident Analysis and Prevention42 (6): 1822–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., P. F.Lacherez, R. P.Marszalek, and M. J.King. 2009. “Drivers' and Cyclists' Experiences of Sharing the Road: Incidents, Attitudes and Perceptions of Visibility.” Accident Analysis & Prevention41 (4): 772–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. 2009. Global Status Report on Road Safety: Time for Action. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., P. A.Hancock, and M.Rahimi. 1989. “Motorcycle Conspicuity: An Evaluation and Synthesis of Influential Factors.” Journal of Safety Research20: 153–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar