The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment

References

• Brotherhood, J. R. 2008. “Heat Stress and Strain in Exercise and Sport.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 11 (1): 6–19.10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanac, M. 1971. “Physiological Role of Pleasure.” Science 173 (4002): 1103–1107.10.1126/science.173.4002.1103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. M., M. P. Rayson, D. M. Wilkinson, V. Richmond, and S. Blacker. 2007. “Strategies to Combat Heat Strain during and after Firefighting.” Journal of Thermal Biology 32 (2): 109–116.10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A. P., Y. Yang, D. P. Wong, E. W. M. Lam, and Y. Li. 2013. “Factors Affecting Horticultural and Cleaning Workers’ Preference on Cooling Vests.” Building and Environment 66: 181–189.10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.04.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A. P., W. Song, and Y. Yang. 2015. “Meta-analysis of the Effects of Microclimate Cooling Systems on Human Performance under Thermal Stressful Environments: Potential Applications to Occupational Workers.” Journal of Thermal Biology 49–50: 16–32.10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, S. S., and T. M. McLellan. 1998. “Heat Acclimation, Aerobic Fitness, and Hydration Effects on Tolerance during Uncompensable Heat Stress.” Journal of Applied Physiology 84 (5): 1731–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. W., M. J. Kim, and J. Y. Lee. 2008. “Alleviation of Heat Strain by Cooling Different Body Areas during Red Pepper Harvest Work at WBGT 33°C.” Industrial Health 46 (6): 620–628.10.2486/indhealth.46.620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall, C. G., and J. González-Alonso. 2010. “Cardiovascular Function in the Heat-stressed Human.” Acta Physiologica 199 (4): 407–423.10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02119.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukazawa, T., and G. Havenith. 2009. “Differences in Comfort Perception in Relation to Local and Whole Body Skin Wettedness.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 106 (1): 15–24.10.1007/s00421-009-0983-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagge, A. P., J. A. J. Stolwijk, and B. Saltin. 1969. “Comfort and Thermal Sensations and Associated Physiological Responses during Exercise at Various Ambient Temperatures.” Environmental Research 2 (3): 209–229.10.1016/0013-9351(69)90037-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, C., K. Kuklane, and I. Holmér. 2010. “Cooling Vests with Phase Change Material Packs: The Effects of Temperature Gradient, Mass and Covering Area.” Ergonomics 53 (5): 716–723.10.1080/00140130903581649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, C., K. Kuklane, F. Wang, and I. Holmér. 2012. “Personal Cooling with Phase Change Materials to Improve Thermal Comfort from a Heat Wave Perspective.” Indoor Air 22 (6): 523–530.10.1111/ina.2012.22.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronlund, C. J. 2014. “Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Heat-Related Health Effects and Their Mechanisms: A Review.” Current Epidemiology Reports 1 (3): 165–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo, T., B. Shang, B. Duan, and X. Luo. 2015. “Design and Testing of a Liquid Cooled Garment for Hot Environments.” Journal of Thermal Biology 49–50 (6): 47–54.10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, K. L., S. S. Woo, R. L. Barker, P. Radhakrishnaiah, N. L. Markee, and H. I. Maibach. 1990. “In Vivo Cutaneous and Perceived Comfort Response to Fabric: Part I: Thermophysiological Comfort Determinations for Three Experimental Knit Fabrics.” Textile Research Journal 60 (7): 405–412.10.1177/004051759006000705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmér, I., H. Nilsson, and G. Havenith. 1999. “Clothing Convective Heat Exchange Proposal for Improved Prediction in Standards and Models.” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43 (5): 329–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, J. R., H. C. Lunt, R. Taylor, G. Milligan, J. A. Lyons, and C. M. House. 2013. “The Impact of a Phase-change Cooling Vest on Heat Strain and the Effect of Different Cooling Pack Melting Temperatures.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 113 (5): 1223–1231.10.1007/s00421-012-2534-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguette, M., L. G. Mbote, and D. Pierre. 2009. “Physiological Responses to Heat Strain: A Study on Personal Monitoring for Young Workers.” Journal of Thermal Biology 34 (6): 299–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, G. P., and O. Jay. 2013. “Thermometry, Calorimetry, and Mean Body Temperature during Heat Stress.” Comprehensive Physiology 3 (4): 1689–1719.10.1002/cphy.c130011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, G. P., A. R. Schissler, J. Stapleton, M. Piamonte, K. Binder, A. Lynn, C. Q. Lan, and S. G. Hardcastle. 2011. “Ice Cooling Vest on Tolerance for Exercise under Uncompensable Heat Stress.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8 (8): 484–491.10.1080/15459624.2011.596043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., A. Coca, W. J. Williams, and R. J. Roberge. 2011. “Effects of Liquid Cooling Garments on Recovery and Performance Time in Individuals Performing Strenuous Work Wearing a Firefighter Ensemble.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8 (7): 409–416.10.1080/15459624.2011.584840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolka, M. A., L. Levine, and L. A. Stephenson. 1997. “Use of an Ingestible Telemetry Sensor to Measure Core Temperature under Chemical Protective Clothing.” Journal of Thermal Biology 22 (4–5): 343–349.10.1016/S0306-4565(97)00032-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., F. Wei, D. Lai, W. Shi, F. Wang, C. Gao, and G. Song. 2015. “A Novel Personal Cooling System (PCS) Incorporated with Phase Change Materials (PCMs) and Ventilation Fans: An Investigation on Its Cooling Efficiency.” Journal of Thermal Biology 52: 137–146. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazloumi, A., F. Golbabaei, S. M. Khani, Z. Kazemi, M. Hosseini, M. Abbasinia, and S. F. Dehghan. 2014. “Evaluating Effects of Heat Stress on Cognitive Function among Workers in a Hot Industry.” Health Promotion Perspectives 4 (2): 240–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLellan, T. M., J. Frim, and D. G. Bell. 1999. “Efficacy of Air and Liquid Cooling during Light and Heavy Exercise While Wearing NBC Clothing.” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 70 (8): 802–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhtari Yazdi, M., and M. Sheikhzadeh. 2014. “Personal Cooling Garments: A Review.” The Journal of the Textile Institute 105 (12): 1231–1250.10.1080/00405000.2014.895088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, D. S. 1998. “A Physiological Strain Index to Evaluate Heat Stress.” American Journal of Physiology 275 (1 Pt 2): R129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishihara, N., S. I. Tanabe, H. Hayama, and M. Komatsu. 2002. “A Cooling Vest for Working Comfortably in a Moderately Hot Environment.” Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science 21 (1): 75–82.10.2114/jpa.21.75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otte, J. W., M. A. Merrick, C. D. Ingersoll, and M. L. Cordova. 2002. “Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Thickness Alters Cooling Time during Cryotherapy.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83 (11): 1501–1505.10.1053/apmr.2002.34833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, K. C. 1988. “Protective Clothing: Heat Exchange and Physiological Objectives.” Ergonomics 31 (7): 991–1007.10.1080/00140138808966738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, M. J., and M. I. Mather. 2004. “Comparison of Lower- Vs. Upper-body Cooling during Arm Exercise in Hot Conditions.” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 75 (3): 220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, T., and G. A. Brooks. 1986. “Exercise and the Circadian Variation in Body Temperature Measures.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 07 (06): 358–362.10.1055/s-2008-1025792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinertsen, R. E., H. Færevik, K. Holbø, R. Nesbakken, J. Reitan, A. Røyset, and M. S. L. Thi. 2008. “Optimizing the Performance of Phase-change Materials in Personal Protective Clothing Systems.” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 14 (1): 43–53.10.1080/10803548.2008.11076746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring, J. W., and R. de Dear. 1991. “Temperature Transients: A Model for Heat Diffusion through the Skin, Thermoreceptor Response and Thermal Sensation.” Indoor Air 1 (4): 448–456.10.1111/ina.1991.1.issue-4
   Google Scholar
• Sawka, M. N., R. R. Gonzalez, L. L. Drolet, and P. B. Pandolf. 1984. “Heat Exchange during Upper and Lower Body Exercise.” Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiration, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 57 (4): 1050–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strughold, H., and R. Porz. 1931. “Die Dichte Der Kaltpunkte Auf Der Haut Des Menschlichen Korpers.” [The Density of the Cold Point on the Skin of the Human Body.] Zeitschrift Fur Biologie 91 (6): 563–571.
   Google Scholar
• Tikuisis, P., T. Mclellan, and G. Selkirk. 2002. “Perceptual Versus Physiological Heat Strain During Exercise-heat Stress.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34 (9): 1454–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, J., E. J. Holland, G. Sleivert, R. M. Laing, and B. E. Niven. 2005. “A Light-weight Cooling Vest Enhances Performance of Athletes in the Heat.” Ergonomics 48 (7): 821–837.10.1080/00140130500122276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, D. M., J. M. Carter, V. L. Richmond, S. D. Blacker, and M. P. Rayson. 2008. “The Effect of Cool Water Ingestion on Gastrointestinal Pill Temperature.” Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise 40 (3): 523–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, A. S. W., and Y. Li. 2004. “Relationship between Thermophysiological Responses and Psychological Thermal Perception during Exercise Wearing Aerobic Wear.” Journal of Thermal Biology 29 (7–8): 791–796.10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., and J. Gonzalez. 2011. “Determination of the Cooling Capacity for Body Ventilation System.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 111 (12): 3155–3160.10.1007/s00421-011-1941-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. J., M. N. Sawka, Y. Epstein, B. Decristofano, and K. B. Pandolf. 1987. “Cooling Different Body Surfaces during Upper and Lower Body Exercise.” Journal of Applied Physiology 63 (3): 1218–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., J. Zhang, H. Chen, X. Du, and Q. Meng. 2014. “Effects of Step Changes of Temperature and Humidity on Human Responses of People in Hot-humid Area of China.” Building and Environment 80: 174–183.10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, M., C. Gao, F. Wang, K. Kuklane, and I. Holmér. 2013. “A Study on Local Cooling of Garments with Ventilation Fans and Openings Placed at Different Torso Sites.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 43 (3): 232–237.10.1016/j.ergon.2013.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar