Mobile technology dominates school children’s IT use in an advantaged school community and is associated with musculoskeletal and visual symptoms

References

• Álvarez, M., A. Torres, E. Rodriguez, S. Padilla, and M. J. Rodrigo. 2013. “Attitudes and Parenting Dimensions in Parents’ Regulation of Internet Use by Primary and Secondary School Children.” Computers & Education 67: 69–78.10.1016/j.compedu.2013.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, J. M., S. H. Lee, T. H. Rim, R. J. Park, H. S. Yang, T. I. Kim, K. C. Yoon, and K. Y. Seo. 2014. “Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Dry Eye: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 158 (6): 1205-14.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Public Education. 1999. “Media Education.” Pediatrics 104 (2 Pt 1): 341–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berolo, S., R. P. Wells, and B. C. Amick, 3rd. 2011. “Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Mobile Hand-held Device Users and Their Relationship to Device Use: A Preliminary Study in a Canadian University Population.” Applied Ergonomics 42 (2): 371–378. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, K. D., and C. Hamilton-Giachritsis. 2005. “The Influence of Violent Media on Children and Adolescents: A Public-health Approach.” The Lancet 365 (9460): 702–710. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17952-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarelli, M., L. Straker, S. E. Mathiassen, and C. Pollock. 2011. “ITKids Part I: Children’s Occupations and Use of Information and Communication Technologies.” Work 38 (4): 401–412. doi:10.3233/wor-2011-1167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Council on communications and Media American Academy of Pediatrics. 2016. “Media and Young Minds.” Pediatrics. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frantom, C. G., K. E. Green, and E. R. Hoffman. 2002. “Measure Development: The Children’s Attitudes toward Technology Scale (CATS).” Journal of Educational Computing Research 26 (3): 249–263.10.2190/DWAF-8LEQ-74TN-BL37
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. K., M. C. Davis, A. J. Smith, and L. M. Straker. 2014. “Bidirectional Relationships between Cigarette Use and Spinal Pain in Adolescents Accounting for Psychosocial Functioning.” British Journal of Health Psychology 19 (1): 113–131. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowrisankaran, S., and J. E. Sheedy. 2015. “Computer Vision Syndrome: A Review.” Work 52 (2): 303–314. doi:10.3233/wor-152162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gulati, A., R. Sullivan, J. E. Buring, D. A. Sullivan, R. Dana, and D. A. Schaumberg. 2006. “Validation and Repeatability of a Short Questionnaire for Dry Eye Syndrome.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 142 (1): 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, L., and S. Guan. 2014. “Screen Time and Sleep among School-aged Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review.” Sleep Medicine Reviews 21: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, C., L. Straker, and C. Pollock. 2017. “A Socioeconomic Related ‘Digital Divide’ Exists in How, Not If, Young People Use Computers.” PLoS One 12 (3): e0175011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haselgrove, C., L. Straker, A. Smith, P. O’Sullivan, M. Perry, and N. Sloan. 2008. “Perceived School Bag Load, Duration of Carriage, and Method of Transport to School Are Associated with Spinal Pain in Adolescents: An Observational Study.” Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 54 (3): 193–200.10.1016/S0004-9514(08)70026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, M., L. Piche, C. Beynon, and S. Harris. 2010. “Screen-related Sedentary Behaviors: Children’s and Parents’ Attitudes, Motivations, and Practices.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 42 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, N. E., and D. F. Tyson. 2009. “Parental Involvement in Middle School: A Meta-analytic Assessment of the Strategies that Promote Achievement.” Developmental Psychology 45 (3): 740–763. doi:10.1037/a0015362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobday, R. 2016. “Myopia and Daylight in Schools: A Neglected Aspect of Public Health?” Perspectives in Public Health 136 (1): 50–55. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingworth, S., A. Mansaray, K. Allen, and A. Rose. 2011. “Parents’ Perspectives on Technology and Children’s Learning in the Home: Social Class and the Role of the Habitus.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 27 (4): 347–360. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00431.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton, S., S. C. Hunter, M. Rosenberg, L. Wood, C. Zadow, K. Martin, and T. Shilton. 2015. “Virtually Impossible: Limiting Australian Children and Adolescents Daily Screen Based Media Use.” BMC Public Health 15: 5. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-15-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie, E. K., P. Coenen, A. C. Campbell, S. Ranelli, and L. M. Straker. 2017. “Head, Trunk and Arm Posture Amplitude and Variation, Muscle Activity, Sedentariness and Physical Activity of 3 to 5 Year-old Children during Tablet Computer Use Compared to Television Watching and Toy Play.” Applied Ergonomics 65: 41–50. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IJmker, S., M. A. Huysmans, A. J. van der Beek, D. L. Knol, W. van Mechelen, P. M. Bongers, and B. M. Blatter. 2011. “Software-recorded and Self-reported Duration of Computer Use in Relation to the Onset of Severe Arm-wrist-hand Pain and Neck-shoulder Pain.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 68 (7): 502–509. doi:10.1136/oem.2010.056267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries, L. J., S. F. Milanese, and K. A. Grimmer-Somers. 2007. “Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain: A Systematic Overview of the Research Literature.” Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32 (23): 2630–2637. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318158d70b.
   Google Scholar
• Kamada, M., T. Abe, J. Kitayuguchi, F. Imamura, I. M. Lee, M. Kadowaki, S. S. Sawada, M. Miyachi, Y. Matsui, and Y. Uchio. 2016. “Dose-response Relationship between Sports Activity and Musculoskeletal Pain in Adolescents.” Pain 157 (6): 1339–1345. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer, P., C. Elshaug, E. Leslie, J. W. Toumbourou, G. C. Patton, and J. Williams. 2014. “Physical Activity, Leisure-time Screen Use and Depression among Children and Young Adolescents.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 17 (2): 183–187. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, S., R. Lorenz, T. Banaschewski, G. J. Barker, C. Buchel, P. J. Conrod, H. Flor, et al. 2014. “Positive Association of Video Game Playing with Left Frontal Cortical Thickness in Adolescents.” PLoS One 9 (3): e91506. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuorinka, I., B. Jonsson, A. Kilbom, H. Vinterberg, F. Biering-Sorensen, G. Andersson, and K. Jorgensen. 1987. “Standardised Nordic Questionnaires for the Analysis of Musculoskeletal Symptoms.” Applied Ergonomics 18 (3): 233–237.10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S. 2007. “Strategies of Parental Regulation in the Media-rich Home.” Computers in Human Behavior 23 (2): 920–941.10.1016/j.chb.2005.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, S.-J., R.-C. Shih, H.-T. Liu, Y.-C. Guo, and K.-H. Tseng. 2010. “The Influences of the Sixth Graders’ Parents’ Internet Literacy and Parenting Style on Internet Parenting.” TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology 9 (4): 173–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modecki, K. L., J. Minchin, A. G. Harbaugh, N. G. Guerra, and K. C. Runions. 2014. “Bullying Prevalence across Contexts: A Meta-analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying.” Journal of Adolescent Health 55 (5): 602–611.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, A. S., A. R. Cooper, P. Griew, and R. Jago. 2010. “Children’s Screen Viewing is Related to Psychological Difficulties Irrespective of Physical Activity.” Pediatrics 126 (5): e1011–e1017. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranelli, S., L. Straker, and A. Smith. 2011. “Playing-related Musculoskeletal Problems in Children Learning Instrumental Music: The Association between Problem Location and Gender, Age, and Music Exposure Factors.” Medical Problems of Performing Artists 26 (3): 123–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranelli, S., L. Straker, and A. Smith. 2014. “Soreness during Non-music Activities is Associated with Playing-related Musculoskeletal Problems: An Observational Study of 731 Child and Adolescent Instrumentalists.” Journal of Physiotherapy 60 (2): 102–108. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2014.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, T. N. 1999. “Reducing Children’s Television Viewing to Prevent Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” JAMA 282 (16): 1561–1567.10.1001/jama.282.16.1561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, K. A., A. N. French, and I. G. Morgan. 2016. “Environmental Factors and Myopia: Paradoxes and Prospects for Prevention.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 5 (6): 403–410. doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T., T. Ito, T. Hirano, O. Morita, R. Kikuchi, N. Endo, and N. Tanabe. 2011. “Low Back Pain in Childhood and Adolescence: Assessment of Sports Activities.” European Spine Journal 20 (1): 94–99. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1485-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segui Mdel, M., J. Cabrero-Garcia, A. Crespo, J. Verdu, and E. Ronda. 2015. “A Reliable and Valid Questionnaire Was Developed to Measure Computer Vision Syndrome at the Workplace.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 68 (6): 662–673. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan, Z., G. Deng, J. Li, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, and Q. Zhao. 2013. “Correlational Analysis of Neck/Shoulder Pain and Low Back Pain with the Use of Digital Products, Physical Activity and Psychological Status among Adolescents in Shanghai.” PLoS One 8 (10): e78109.10.1371/journal.pone.0078109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantakumari, N., R. Eldeeb, J. Sreedharan, and K. Gopal. 2014. “Computer Use and Vision-related Problems among University Students in Ajman, United Arab Emirate.” Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 4 (2): 258–263. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.129058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sourander, A., A. Brunstein Klomek, M. Ikonen, J. Lindroos, T. Luntamo, M. Koskelainen, T. Ristkari, and H. Helenius. 2010. “Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Cyberbullying among Adolescents: A Population-based Study.” Archives of General Psychiatry 67 (7): 720–728. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L., R. Abbott, R. Collins, and A. Campbell. 2014. “Evidence-based Guidelines for Wise Use of Electronic Games by Children.” Ergonomics 57 (4): 471–489. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.895856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L., J. Coleman, R. Skoss, B. Maslen, R. Burgess-Limerick, and C. Pollock. 2008. “A Comparison of Posture and Muscle Activity during Tablet Computer, Desktop Computer and Paper Use by Young Children.” Ergonomics 51 (4): 540–555.10.1080/00140130701711000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L., E. K. Howie, D. P. Cliff, M. T. Davern, L. Engelen, S. R. Gomersall, J. Ziviani, N. K. Schranz, T. Olds, and G. R. Tomkinson. 2015. “Australia and Other Nations are failing to Meet Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children: Implications and a Way Forward.” Journal of Physical Activity & Health 13 (2): 177–188. doi:10.1123/jpah.2015-0026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L., B. Maslen, R. Burgess-Limerick, P. Johnson, and J. Dennerlein. 2010. “Evidence-based Guidelines for the Wise Use of Computers by Children: Physical Development Guidelines.” Ergonomics 53 (4): 458–477. doi:10.1080/00140130903556344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L., A. Smith, A. Campbell, and P. O’Sullivan. 2010. “Are Neck Pain and Posture Related?” Physical Therapy Reviews 15 (2): 115–116.10.1179/174328810X12719009060029
   Google Scholar
• Straker, L., A. Smith, B. Hands, T. Olds, and R. Abbott. 2013. “Screen-based Media Use Clusters Are Related to Other Activity Behaviours and Health Indicators in Adolescents.” BMC Public Health 13: 1174.10.1186/1471-2458-13-1174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L. M., and E. K. Howie. 2016. “Young Children and Screen Time: It is Time to Consider Healthy Bodies as Well as Healthy Minds.” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 37 (3): 265. doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toh, S. H., P. Coenen, E. K. Howie, and L. M. Straker. 2017. “The Associations of Mobile Touch Screen Device Use with Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Exposures: A Systematic Review.” PLoS One 12 (8): e0181220. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar