Using system dynamics modelling to show the effect of nurse workload on nurses’ health and quality of care

References

• Rogers, A., W. Hwang, L. D. Scott, Linda H. Aiken, and D. F. Dinges. 2004. “The Working Hours of Hospital Staff Nurses and Patient Safety.” Health Affairs 23(4): 202–212. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, Linda H., S.P. Clarke, D.M. Sloane, J. Sochalski, and J.H. Silber. 2002. “Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction.” JAMA 288(16): 1987–1993. doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, Jane E., Trevor Murrells, Anne Marie Rafferty, Elizabeth Morrow, and Peter Griffiths. 2014. “Care Left Undone’ during Nursing Shifts: Associations with Workload and Perceived Quality of Care.” BMJ Quality and Safety 23(2): 116–125. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, Linsey M., and Maury A. Nussbaum. 2011. “Fatigue, Performance and the Work Environment: A Survey of Registered Nurses.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(6): 1370–1382. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05597.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basco-Carrera, L., A. Warren, E. van Beek, A. Jonoski, and A. Giardino. 2017. “Collaborative Modelling or Participatory Modelling? a Framework for Water Resources Management.” Environmental Modelling & Software 91(1): 95–110. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.01.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, Lois, and Paul Curry. 2012. Nursing Workload and Patient Care - Understanding the Value of Nurses, the Effects of Excessive Workload, and How Nurse-Patient Ratios and Dynamic Staffing Models Can Help. The Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, Theresa. 2015. “Nursing Cuts Hurting Hospital Care in Ontario, Union Says.” TORONTO STAR, October. https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2015/10/22/nursing-cuts-hurting-hospital-care-in-ontario-union-says.html.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Nurses Association. 2010. Nurse Fatigue and Patient Safety Research Report.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Nurses Association. 2013. Tested Solutions for Eliminating Canada’s Registered Nurse Shortage. https://www.cna-aiic.ca/∼/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/rn_highlights_e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Carayon, Pascale, Tosha B. Wetterneck, A. J. Rivera-Rodriguez, Ann Schoofs Hundt, Peter Hoonakker, Richard Holden, and Ayse P. Gurses. 2014. “Human Factors Systems Approach to Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety.” Applied Ergonomics 45(1): 14–25. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, D., Y. Noh, and J.S. Rha. 2018. “Work Pressure and Burnout Effects on Emergency Room Operations: A System Dynamics Simulation Approach.” Service Business 13 (3): 433–456. doi:10.1007/s11628-018-00390-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimiotti, Jeannie P., Linda H. Aiken, Douglas M. Sloane, and Evan S. Wu. 2012. “Nurse Staffing, Burnout, and Health Care-Associated Infection.” American Journal of Infection Control 40(6): 486–490. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, David, Huiming Yang, Gil Curry, Paul Rogers, Thomas Rohleder, Robert Lee, and David Strong. 2007. “Introducing System Dynamics Modeling to Health Care in Alberta.” Proceedings of the 2007 System Dynamics Conference, no. July: 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Dabboussy, Maria, and Sharanjit Uppal. 2012. Work Absences in 2011. Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, Cuthbert. 1994. “Factorial One-Factor-at-a-Time Experiments.” The American Statistician 48(2): 132–135. doi:10.1080/00031305.1994.10476042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daynard, D., A. Yassi, J E. Cooper, R. Tate, Robert W. Norman, and Richard P. Wells. 2001. “Biomechanical Analysis of Peak and Cumulative Spinal Loads during Simulated Patient-Handling Activities: A Substudy of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Lift and Transfer Injury of Health Care Workers.” Applied Ergonomics 32(3): 199–214. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00070-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffield, Christine, Donna Diers, Linda O'Brien-Pallas, Chris Aisbett, Michael Roche, Madeleine King, and Kate Aisbett. 2011. “Nursing Staffing, Nursing Workload, the Work Environment and Patient Outcomes.” Applied Nursing Research 24(4): 244–255. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2009.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffield, Christine, and Linda O'Brien-Pallas. 2003. “The Causes and Consequences of Nursing Shortages: A Helicopter View of the Research.” Australian Health Review 26(1): 186–193. doi:10.1071/AH030186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dul, Jan, Ralph Bruder, Peter Buckle, Pascale Carayon, Pierre Falzon, William S. Marras, John R. Wilson, and Bas van der Doelen. 2012. “A Strategy for Human Factors/Ergonomics: Developing the Discipline and Profession.” In Ergonomics. England: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.661087.
   Google Scholar
• Faezipour, Misagh, and Susan Ferreira. 2013. “A System Dynamics Perspective of Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare.” Procedia Computer Science 16: 148–156. Elsevier: doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.01.016.
   Google Scholar
• Farid, Mashal. 2017. Modelling Workload to Quality Using System Dynamics in Manufacturing and Healthcare. MASc Thesis, Ryerson University, Toronto. https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA%3A6477.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, Connie. 2008. “The Effect of Nurse Staffing Patterns on Medical Errors and Nurse Burnout.” AORN Journal 87(6): 1191. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2008.01.022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Givi, Z S., Mohamad Y. Jaber, and W. Patrick Neumann. 2015. “Modelling Worker Reliability with Learning and Fatigue.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 39(17): 5186–5199. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2015.03.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenglass, Esther R., Ronald J. Burke, and Lisa Fiksenbaum. 2001. “Workload and Burnout in Nurses.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 11(3): 211–215. doi:10.1002/casp.614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbesleben, Jonathon R B., Bonnie J. Wakefield, Douglas S. Wakefield, and Lynn B. Cooper. 2008. “Nurse Burnout and Patient Safety Outcomes: Nurse Safety Perception versus Reporting Behavior.” Western Journal of Nursing Research 30(5): 560–577. doi:10.1177/0193945907311322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hignett, S., P. Carayon, P. Buckle, and K. Catchpole. 2013. “State of Science: Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare.” Ergonomics 56(10): 1491–1503. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.822932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, Gary B., and Jack Homer. 2004. “Modeling the Dynamics of Health Care Services for Improved Chronic Illness Management.” 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society 2004: 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, Richard, S. J. Alper, K. H. Escoto, R. Kaushal, K. Murkowski, N. Patel, M. Scanlon, and B.-T. Karsh. 2007. “Nursing Workload and Its Effect on Patient and Employee Safety.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51(11): 760–764. doi:10.1177/154193120705101133.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, Richard J., Pascale Carayon, Ayse P. Gurses, Peter Hoonakker, Ann Schoofs Hundt, A Ant Ozok Ghi, A Joy Rivera-Rodriguez, A Ant Ozok, and A Joy Rivera-Rodriguez. 2013. “SEIPS 2.0: A Human Factors Framework for Studying and Improving the Work of Healthcare Professionals and Patients.” Ergonomics 56(11): 1669–1686. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.838643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim Shire, M., G.T. Jun, S. Moon, and S. Robinson. 2018. “A System Dynamics Approach to Workload Management of Hospital Pharmacy Staff: Modeling the Tradeoff between Dispensing Backlog and Dispensing Errors.” IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors 6(3–4): 209–224.. doi:10.1080/24725838.2018.1555563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA. 2014. “Definition and Domains of Ergonomics.” http://www.iea.cc/whats/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ingelgård, Anders, and Flemming Norrgren. 2001. “Effects of Change Strategy and Top-Management Involvement on Quality of Working Life and Economic Results.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 27(2)Elsevier B.V: 93–105. doi:10.1016/S0169-8141(00)00041-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaber, Mohamad Y., Z S. Givi, and W. Patrick Neumann. 2013. “Incorporating Human Fatigue and Recovery into the Learning-Forgetting Process.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 37(12–13): 7287–7299. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2013.02.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson Consulting Inc. 2015. Trends in Own Illness or Disability-Related Absenteeism and Overtime among Publicly-Employed Registered Nurses: Quick Facts. Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions.
   Google Scholar
• Jetha, Arif, Laura Kernan, and Alicia Kurowski. 2017. “Conceptualizing the Dynamics of Workplace Stress: A Systems-Based Study of Nursing Aides.” BMC Health Services Research 17(1): 12. doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1955-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourdain, Geneviève, and Denis Chênevert. 2010. “Job Demands-Resources, Burnout and Intention to Leave the Nursing Profession: A Questionnaire Survey.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 47(6): 709–722. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsh, B.-T., R.J. Holden, S.J. Alper, and C.K.L. Or. 2006. “A Human Factors Engineering Paradigm for Patient Safety: Designing to Support the Performance of the Healthcare Professional.” Quality and Safety in Health Care 15(Suppl_1): i59–i65. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.015974.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiekkas, Panagiotis, George C. Sakellaropoulos, Hero Brokalaki, Evangelos Manolis, Adamantios Samios, Chrisula Skartsani, and George I. Baltopoulos. 2008. “Association between Nursing Workload and Mortality of Intensive Care Unit Patients.” Journal of Nursing Scholarship 40(4): 385. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2008.00254.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, D C., C. Monefeldt, and J V. Rosenhead. 2000. “Looking in the Wrong Place for Healthcare Improvements: A System Dynamics Study of an Accident and Emergency Department.” Journal of the Operational Research Society 51(5): 518–531. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackusick, Carol, Isaac, and Ptlene Minick. 2010. “Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings from an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition.” Medsurg Nursing 19(6): 335–340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall, D.A., S. Vanderby, C. Frank, E. Enns, N. Kulin, T. Wasylak, D. Mosher. et al. 2013. “Simulation Modeling with System Dynamics (SD) to Plan Osteoarthritis Care Delivery in Alberta.” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 21: S167–S168. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D.M. 2015. “Nurse Fatigue and Shift Length: A Pilot Study.” Nursing Economics 33(2): 81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, D.A., and A.D. Slonim. 2003. “Assessing Patient Safety Risk before the Injury Occurs: An Introduction to Sociotechnical Probabilistic Risk Modelling in Health Care.” Quality and Safety in Health Care 12(Suppl 2): ii33–i38. doi:10.1136/qhc.12.suppl_2.ii33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maslach, Christina, Susan E. Jackson, and Michael P. Leiter. 1997. “Maslach Burnout Inventory.” In Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources, 191–218. doi:10.1017/S0033291798257163.
   Google Scholar
• McGillis Hall, L., D. Doran, D. Tregunno, A. McCutcheon, L. O'Brien-Pallas, J. Tranmer, E. Rukholm, A. Patrick, P. White, and D. Thomson. 2005. Quality Work Environments for Nurse and Patient Safety. Burlington: Jones and Barlett Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Naidu, Aditi. 2009. “Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction and Healthcare Quality.” International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 22(4): 366–381. doi:10.1108/09526860910964834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neumann, W. Patrick, and Jan Dul. 2010. “Human Factors: Spanning the Gap between OM and HRM.” International Journal of Operations and Production Management 30(9): 923–950. doi:10.1108/01443571011075056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, W.P., and J. Village. 2012. “Ergonomics Action Research II: A Framework for Integrating HF into Work System Design.” Ergonomics 55(10): 1140. England: Taylor & Francis: doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.706714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien-Pallas, L., A Baumann, G. Donner, G T. Murphy, J. Lochhaas-Gerlach, and M. Luba. 2001. “Forecasting Models for Human Resources in Health Care.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 33(1): 120–129. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01645.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, Patricia A., and James A. Kulik. 1995. “Burnout, Self- and Supervisor-Rated Job Performance, and Absenteeism among Nurses.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 18(6): 581–599. doi:10.1007/BF01857897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, J., and W.P. Neumann. 2015. “Ergonomists’ and Engineers’ Views on the Utility of Virtual Human Factors Tools.” Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Service Industries 25: 279–293. doi:10.1002/hfm.20541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poghosyan, Lusine, Sean P. Clarke, Mary Finlayson, and Linda H. Aiken. 2010. “Nurse Burnout and Quality of Care: Cross-National Investigation in Six Countries.” Research in Nursing and Health 33(4): 288–298. doi:10.1002/nur.20383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, Vivian F., Celso Filho, Vitor E. Valenti, Marcelo Ferreira, Luiz de Abreu, Tatiana de Carvalho, Valdelias Xavier. et al. 2014. “Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in Clinical Nurses at a Hospital of Excellence.” International Archives of Medicine 7(1): 22. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-7-22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roelen, C. A., U. Bültmann, J. Groothoff, W. van Rhenen, N. Magerøy, B. E. Moen, S. Pallesen, and B. Bjorvatn. 2013. “Physical and Mental Fatigue as Predictors of Sickness Absence among Norwegian Nurses.” Research in Nursing and Health 36(5): 453–465. doi:10.1002/nur.21558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, Bonnie, Kathleen Buckheit, and Judith Ostendorf. 2013. “Ergonomics and Nursing in Hospital Environments.” Workplace Health and Safety 61(10)Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications: 429–439. doi:10.3928/21650799-20130916-09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. D., N. Hofmeister, N. Rogness, and A. E. Rogers. 2010. “An Interventional Approach for Patient and Nurse Safety: A Fatigue Countermeasures Feasibility Study.” Nursing Research 59(4): 250–258. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181de9116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seago, J A. 2002. “The California Experiment - Alternatives for Minimum Nurse-to-Patient Ratios.” Jona: The Journal of Nursing Administration 32(1): 48–58. doi:10.1097/00005110-200201000-00012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt, Tait D., Charles M. Balch, Gerald Bechamps, Tom Russell, Lotte Dyrbye, Daniel Satele, Paul Collicott, Paul J. Novotny, Jeff Sloan, and Julie Freischlag. 2010. “Burnout and Medical Errors among American Surgeons.” Annals of Surgery 251(6): 995–1000. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181bfdab3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, Margot, and Kathryn Wilkins. 2006. Findings from the 2005 National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses. Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Miller, Cheryl A., Julia Shaw-Kokot, Brooke Curro, and Cheryl B. Jones. 2014. “An Integrative Review: Fatigue among Nurses in Acute Care Settings.” Jona: The Journal of Nursing Administration 44(9): 487–494. doi:10.1097/NNA.0000000000000104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence Laschinger, Heather K., and Michael P. Leiter. 2006. “The Impact of Nursing Work Environments on Patient Safety Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Burnout/Engagement.” Jona: The Journal of Nursing Administration 36(5): 259–267. doi:10.1097/00005110-200605000-00019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterman, John D. 2000. “Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World.” New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Teng, Ching-I, Yea-Ing Lotus Shyu, Wen-Ko Chiou, Hsiao-Chi Fan, and Si Man Lam. 2010. “Interactive Effects of Nurse-Experienced Time Pressure and Burnout on Patient Safety: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 47(11): 1442–1450. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, Anita L., and Steven J. Spear. 2006. “Operational Failures and Interruptions in Hospital Nursing.” Health Services Research 41(3p1): 643–662. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00502.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unruh, Lynn, Lindell Joseph, and Margaret Strickland. 2007. “Nurse Absenteeism and Workload: Negative Effect on Restraint Use, Incident Reports and Mortality.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 60(6): 673–681. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04459.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bogaert, Peter, Sean Clarke, Riet Willems, and Mieke Mondelaers. 2013. “Nurse Practice Environment, Workload, Burnout, Job Outcomes, and Quality of Care in Psychiatric Hospitals: A Structural Equation Model Approach.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 69(7): 1515–1524. doi:10.1111/jan.12010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, Jean E., Jane B. Lemaire, and William A. Ghali. 2009. “Physician Wellness: A Missing Quality Indicator.” The Lancet 374(9702): 1714. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61424-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welton, J M., L. Zone-Smith, and D. Bandyopadhyay. 2009. “Estimating Nursing Intensity and Direct Cost Using the Nurse-Patient Assignment.” Jona: The Journal of Nursing Administration 39(6): 276–284. doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181a72911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winwood, Peter C., Antony H. Winefield, and Kurt Lushington. 2006. “Work-Related Fatigue and Recovery: The Contribution of Age, Domestic Responsibilities and Shiftwork.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 56(4): 438–449. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04011.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, Zane Robinson, and Ronda G. Hughes. 2008. “Error Reporting and Disclosure.” In Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses, 333–379
   Google Scholar
• Xie, A., and P. Carayon. 2015. “A Systematic Review of Human Factors and Ergonomics (Hfe)-Based Healthcare System Redesign for Quality of Care and Patient Safety.” Ergonomics 58(1): 33–49. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.959070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zboril-Benson, L. R. 2002. “Why Nurses Are Calling in Sick: The Impact of Health-Care Restructuring.” Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 33(4): 89–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar