Cycling on the edge: the effects of edge lines, slanted kerbstones, shoulder, and edge strips on cycling behaviour of cyclists older than 50 years

References

• Anund, Anna, Göran Kecklund, Anna Vadeby, Magnus Hjälmdahl, and Torbjörn Åkerstedt. 2008. “The Alerting Effect of Hitting a Rumble Strip: A Simulator Study with Sleepy Drivers.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 40 (6): 1970–1976. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.08.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bella, Francesco. 2013. “Driver Perception of Roadside Configurations on Two-Lane Rural Roads: Effects on Speed and Lateral Placement.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 50: 251–262. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.04.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen, Sveinung, Lena Malnes, Aleksander Langåker, and Elling Bere. 2017. “Physical Activity When Riding an Electric Assisted Bicycle.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 14 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0513-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boufous, Soufiane, Julie Hatfield, and Raphael Grzebieta. 2018. “The Impact of Environmental Factors on Cycling Speed on Shared Paths.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 110: 171–176. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.09.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branzi, Valentina, Lorenzo Domenichini, and Francesca La Torre. 2017. “Drivers’ Speed Behaviour in Real and Simulated Urban Roads – A Validation Study.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 49: 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROW. 2007. Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic. Ede, The Netherlands: CROW (the National Information and Technology Platform for Transport, Infrastructure and Public Space).
   Google Scholar
• Davidse, R. J., K. van Duijvenvoorde, M. J. Boele, M. J. A. Doumen, C. W. A. E. Duivenvoorden, and W. J. R. Louwerse. 2014. Bicycle Crashes of People Aged 50 and Older: Characteristics and Accident Scenarios of Single-Sided Accidents and Collisions with Other Slow Traffic. [In Dutch]. The Hague: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research. Accessed 29 January 2020 . https://www.swov.nl/sites/default/files/publicaties/rapport/r-2014-03a.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• De Waard, Dick, Maaike Jessurun, Frank J. J. M. Steyvers, Peter T. F. Reggatt, and Karel A. Brookhuis. 1995. “Effect of Road Layout and Road Environment on Driving Performance, Drivers’ Physiology and Road Appreciation.” Ergonomics 38 (7): 1395–1407. doi:10.1080/00140139508925197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waard, Dick, Paul Schepers, Wieke Ormel, and Karel Brookhuis. 2010. “Mobile Phone Use While Cycling: Incidence and Effects on Behaviour and Safety.” Ergonomics 53 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1080/00140130903381180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waard, Dick, Frank J. J. M. Steyvers, and Karel A. Brookhuis. 2004. “How Much Visual Road Information is Needed to Drive Safely and Comfortably?” Safety Science 42 (7): 639–655. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2003.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dill, Jennifer, and Geoffrey Rose. 2012. “Electric Bikes and Transportation Policy: Insights from Early Adopters.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2314 (1): 1–6. doi:10.3141/2314-01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozza, Marco, Giulio Francesco Bianchi Piccinini, and Julia Werneke. 2016. “Using Naturalistic Data to Assess e-Cyclist Behavior.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 41: 217–226. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabriek, Eva, Dick De Waard, and J. Paul Schepers. 2012. “Improving the Visibility of Bicycle Infrastructure.” International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics 1 (1): 98–115. doi:10.1504/IJHFE.2012.045274.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, Cole D., Siby Samuel, and Michael A. Knodler Jr. 2016. “Evaluating the Effect of Vegetation and Clear Zone Width on Driver Behavior Using a Driving Simulator.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 42 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.07.002.
   Google Scholar
• Fridstrom, L., J. Ifver, S. Ingebrigtsen, R. Kulmala, and T. L. Krogsgard. 1995. “Measuring the Contribution of Randomness, Exposure, Weather, and Daylight to the Variation in Road Accident Counts.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 27 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(94)E0023-E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz, C. O., P. E. Morris, and Jennifer J. Richler. 2012. “Effect Size Estimates: Current Use, Calculations, and Interpretation.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141 (1): 2–18. doi:10.1037/a0024338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, Frank, and Eric T. Donnel. 2011. “Case–Control and Cross-Sectional Methods for Estimating Crash Modification Factors: Comparisons from Roadway Lighting and Lane and Shoulder Width Safety Effect Studies.” Journal of Safety Research 42 (2): 117–129. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2011.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallgren, K. A. 2012. “Computing Inter-Rater Reliability for Observational Data: An Overview and Tutorial.” Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology 8 (1): 23–34. doi:10.20982/tqmp.08.1.p023.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatfield, Julie, Susanne Murphy, and R. F. Soames Job. 2008. “Beliefs and Behaviours Relevant to the Road Safety Effects of Profile Lane-Marking.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 40 (6): 1872–1879. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, Julie, Susanne Murphy, R. F. Soames Job, and Wei Du. 2009. “The Effectiveness of Audio-Tactile Lane-Marking in Reducing Various Types of Crash: A Review of Evidence, Template for Evaluation, and Preliminary Findings from Australia.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 41 (3): 365–379. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, Julie, and Prasannah Prabhakharan. 2016. “An Investigation of Behaviour and Attitudes Relevant to the User Safety of Pedestrian/Cyclist Shared Paths.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 40: 35–47. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoc, J. M. 2001. “Towards Ecological Validity of Research in Cognitive Ergonomics.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 2 (3): 278–288. doi:10.1080/14639220110104970.
   Google Scholar
• Holdridge, Jason M., Venky N. Shankar, and Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson. 2005. “The Crash Severity Impacts of Fixed Roadside Objects.” Journal of Safety Research 36 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2004.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, Gihon, and Larry Leso. 2000. “Power of the Line: Shared-Use Path Conflict Reduction.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1705 (1): 16–19. doi:10.3141/1705-03.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Mubassira, Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, and Christopher J. Williams. 2015. “Potential Crash Reduction Benefits of Shoulder Rumble Strips in Two-Lane Rural Highways.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 75: 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovácsová, N., J. C. F. de Winter, A. L. Schwab, M. Christoph, D. A. M. Twisk, and M. P. Hagenzieker. 2016. “Riding Performance on a Conventional Bicycle and a Pedelec in Low Speed Exercises: Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Middle-Aged and Older Persons.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 42: 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.06.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., and G. G. Koch. 1977. “The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data.” Biometrics 33 (1): 159–174. doi:10.2307/2529310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford, Brian Casey, Jiaoli Chen, and Christopher R. Cherry. 2015. “Risky Riding: Naturalistic Methods Comparing Safety Behavior from Conventional Bicycle Riders and Electric Bike Riders.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 82: 220–226. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Evans, Ben, and Samuel G. Charlton. 2006. “Explicit and Implicit Processes in Behavioural Adaptation to Road Width.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 38 (3): 610–617. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuel, Aaron, Karim El-Basyouny, and Md. T. Islam. 2014. “Investigating the Safety Effects of Road Width on Urban Collector Roadways.” Safety Science 62: 305–311. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2013.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight, A. Scott, A. James McKnight, and A. Scott Tippetts. 1998. “The Effect of Lane Width and Contrast upon Lane Keeping.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 30 (5): 617–624. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(98)00015-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecheri, Sami, Florence Rosey, and Régis Lobjois. 2017. “The Effects of Lane Width, Shoulder Width, and Road Cross-Sectional Reallocation on Drivers’ Behavioral Adaptations.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 104: 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hern, Steve, Jennie Oxley, and Mark Stevenson. 2017. “Validation of a Bicycle Simulator for Road Safety Research.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 100: 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, K. W. 1997. “The Effects of Paved Shoulders on Accidents on Rural Highways.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 29 (3): 353–362. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00001-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oja, P., S. Titze, A. Bauman, B. de Geus, P. Krenn, B. Reger-Nash, and T. Kohlberger. 2011. “Health Benefits of Cycling: A Systematic Review.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 21 (4): 496–509. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01299.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persaud, B. N., R. A. Retting, and C. A. Lyon. 2004. “Crash Reduction following Installation of Centerline Rumble Strips on Rural Two-Lane Roads.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 36 (6): 1073–1079. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2004.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poos, H., Tim L. Lefarth, Jorrit S. Harbers, Klaus W. Wendt, Mostafa El Moumni, and Inge H. F. Reininga. 2017. “E-Bikers Are More Often Seriously Injured after a Bicycle Crash.” Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 161: D1520. https://www.ntvg.nl/artikelen/e-bikers-raken-vaker-ernstig-gewond-na-fietsongeval/volledig
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds, Conor C. O., M. Anne Harris, Kay Teschke, Peter A. Cripton, and Meghan Winters. 2009. “The Impact of Transportation Infrastructure on Bicycling Injuries and Crashes: A Review of the Literature.” Environmental Health 8 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijkswaterstaat. 2016. “Traffic safety of the elderly: Interventions to limit traffic risks of the elderly in the year 2015.” [In Dutch.] Accessed 14 January 2019. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2016/05/25/verkeersveiligheid-ouderen/notitie-verkeersveiligheid-ouderen-definitief.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schepers, Paul, and Berry den Brinker. 2011. “What Do Cyclists Need to See to Avoid Single-Bicycle Crashes?” Ergonomics 54 (4): 315–327. doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.558633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepers, J. P., E. Fishman, P. den Hertog, K. Klein Wolt, and A. L. Schwab. 2014. “The Safety of Electrically Assisted Bicycles Compared to Classic Bicycles.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 73: 174–180. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepers, Paul, Henk Stipdonk, Rob Methorst, and Jake Olivier. 2017. “Bicycle Fatalities: Trends in Crashes with and without Motor Vehicles in The Netherlands.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 46: 491–499. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepers, P., D. Twisk, E. Fishman, A. Fyhri, and A. Jensen. 2017. “The Dutch Road to a High Level of Cycling Safety.” Safety Science 92: 264–273. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepers, Paul, and Karin Klein Wolt. 2012. “Single-Bicycle Crash Types and Characteristics.” Cycling Research International 2: 119–135. Accessed 14 January 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Schepers/publication/230867692_Single-Bicycle_Crash_Types_and_Characteristics/links/0fcfd5058be6e5d064000000/Single-Bicycle-Crash-Types-and-Characteristics.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schepers, Paul. 2013. “A Safer Road Environment for Cyclists.” PhD diss., Delft University of Technology, Delft.
   Google Scholar
• Schleinitz, K., T. Petzoldt, L. Franke-Bartholdt, J. Krems, and T. Gehlert. 2017. “The German Naturalistic Cycling Study – Comparing Cycling Speed of Riders of Different e-Bikes and Conventional Bicycles.” Safety Science 92: 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.07.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyvers, Frank J. J. M., and Dick De Waard. 2000. “Road-Edge Delineation in Rural Areas: Effects on Driving Behaviour.” Ergonomics 43 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1080/001401300184576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theurel, J., A. Theurel, and R. Lepers. 2012. “Physiological and Cognitive Responses When Riding an Electrically Assisted Bicycle versus a Classical Bicycle.” Ergonomics 55 (7): 773–781. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.671964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houten, Ron, and Cara Seiderman. 2005. “How Pavement markings influence bicycle and motor vehicle positioning: A case study in Cambridge, MA.” Accessed 26 September 2019. https://www.cambridgema.gov/∼/media/Files/CDD/Transportation/Bike/bike_hamp_study.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vlakveld, Willem P., Divera Twisk, Michiel Christoph, Marjolein Boele, Rommert Sikkema, Roos Remy, and Arend L. Schwab. 2015. “Speed Choice and Mental Workload of Elderly Cyclists on e-Bikes in Simple and Complex Traffic Situations: A Field Experiment.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 74: 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.10.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegman, Fred, Letty Aarts, and Charlotte Bax. 2008. “Advancing Sustainable Safety National Road Safety Outlook for The Netherlands for 2005–2020.” Safety Science 46 (2): 323–343. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegman, Fred, Fan Zhang, and Atze Dijkstra. 2012. “How to Make More Cycling Good for Road Safety?” Accident Analysis & Prevention 44 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerhuis, Frank, L. H. Jelijs, A. B. M. Fuermaier, and Dick De Waard. 2017. “Using Optical Illusions in the Shoulder of a Cycle Path to Affect Lateral Position.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 48: 38–51. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerhuis, Frank, and Dick De Waard. 2016. “Using Commercial GPS Action Cameras for Gathering Naturalistic Cycling Data.” Journal of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers(SICE) of Japan 55 (5): 422–430. doi:10.11499/sicejl.55.422.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Kun Feng, Eric T. Donnel, and Jonathan Aguero-Valverde. 2014. “Relating Crash Frequency and Severity: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Shoulder Rumble Strips on Reducing Fatal and Major Injury Crashes.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 67: 86–95. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegeer, Charles V., Donald W. Reinfurt, Joseph Hummer, Lynne Herf, and William Hunter. 1988. “Safety Effects of Cross-Section Design for Two-Lane Roads.” Transportation Research Record 1195: 20–32. Accessed 14 January 2019. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1988/1195/1195-003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zegeer, Charles V., and Forrest M. Council. 1995. “Safety Relationships Associated with Cross-Sectional Roadway Elements.” Transportation Research Record, no. 1512: 29-36. Accessed 14 January 2019. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1995/1512/1512-005.pdf
   Google Scholar