Advantages of graphical nutrition facts label: faster attention capture and improved healthiness judgement

References

• Abrams, R.A., D.E. Meyer, and S. Kornblum. 1989. “Speed and Accuracy of Saccadic Eye Movements: Characteristics of Impulse Variability in the Oculomotor System.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 15 (3): 529–543. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.15.3.529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Dos-Santos, M., R. Quilodrán Ulloa, Á. Salgado Quintana, D. Vigueras Quijada, and P. Farías Nazel. 2019. “Nutrition Labeling Schemes and the Time and Effort of Consumer Processing.” Sustainability 11 (4): 1079. doi:10.3390/su11041079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasiou, K., M. Miller, and K. Dickinson. 2019. “The Relationship between Food Label Use and Dietary Intake in Adults: A Systematic Review.” Appetite 138: 280–291. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antúnez, L., A. Gimenez, A. Maiche, and G. Ares. 2015. “Influence of Interpretation Aids on Attentional Capture, Visual Processing, and Understanding of Front-of-Package Nutrition Labels.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 47 (4): 292–299. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antúnez, L., L. Vidal, A. Sapolinski, A. Giménez, A. Maiche, and G. Ares. 2013. “How Do Design Features Influence Consumer Attention When Looking for Nutritional Information on Food Labels? Results from an Eye-Tracking Study on Pan Bread Labels.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 64 (5): 515–527. doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.759187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asioli, Daniele, Jessica Aschemann-Witzel, Vincenzina Caputo, Riccardo Vecchio, Azzurra Annunziata, Tormod Naes, and Paula Varela. 2017. “Making Sense of the "Clean Label" Trends: A Review of Consumer Food Choice Behavior and Discussion of Industry Implications.” Food Research International 99 (Pt 1): 58–71. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balcombe, K., I. Fraser, and S. Di Falco. 2010. “Traffic Lights and Food Choice: A Choice Experiment Examining the Relationship between Nutritional Food Labels and Price.” Food Policy. 35 (3): 211–220. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2009.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, G.K, and B.J. Cowart. 1990. “Preference for High Salt Concentrations among Children.” Developmental Psychology 26 (4): 539–545. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.4.539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, M.W., R.P. Sundar, N. Bello, R. Alzahabi, L. Weatherspoon, and L. Bix. 2016. “Assessing Attentional Prioritization of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels Using Change Detection.” Applied Ergonomics 54: 90–99. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.11.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialkova, S, and H.C.M. Van Trijp. 2011. “An Efficient Methodology for Assessing Attention to and Effect of Nutrition Information Displayed Front-of-Pack.” Food Quality and Preference 22 (6): 592–601. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.03.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialkova, S., K.G. Grunert, and H.C.M. Van Trijp. 2013. “Standing out in the Crowd: The Effect of Information Clutter on Consumer Attention for Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels.” Food Policy. 41 (4): 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.04.010.
   Google Scholar
• Breda, J., L.S.N. Castro, S. Whiting, J. Williams, J. Jewell, K. Engesveen, and K. Wickramasinghe. 2020. “Towards Better Nutrition in Europe: Evaluating Progress and Defining Future Directions.” Food Policy 96: 101887. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchini, M., F. Sassi, J.A. Lauer, Y.Y. Lee, V. Guajardo-Barron, and D. Chisholm. 2010. “Chronic Diseases: Chronic Diseases and Development 3 Tackling of Unhealthy Diets, Physical Inactivity, and Obesity: health Effects and Cost-Effectiveness.” The Lancet 376 (9754): 1775–1784. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61514-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchini, M, and L. Warin. 2016. “Impact of Food Labelling Systems on Food Choices and Eating Behaviours: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies.” Obesity Reviews 17 (3): 201–210. doi:10.1111/obr.12364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centurión, M., L. Machín, and G. Ares. 2019. “Relative Impact of Nutritional Warnings and Other Label Features on Cereal Bar Healthfulness Evaluations.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 51 (7): 850–856. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2019.01.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H.H., and R.M. Nayga. 2011. “Mother’s Nutritional Label Use and Children’s Body Weight.” Food Policy 36 (2): 171–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christofidis, M.J., A. Hill, M.S. Horswill, and M.O. Watson. 2013. “A Human Factors Approach to Observation Chart Design Can Trump Health Professionals’ Prior Chart Experience.” Resuscitation 84 (5): 657–665. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish, L., A. Hill, M.S. Horswill, S.I. Becker, and M.O. Watson. 2019. “Eye-Tracking Reveals How Observation Chart Design Features Affect the Detection of Patient Deterioration: An Experimental Study.” Applied Ergonomics 75: 230–242. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowburn, G, and L. Stockley. 2005. “Consumer Understanding and Use of Nutrition Labelling: A Systematic Review.” Public Health Nutrition 8 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1079/phn2005666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewnowski, A., J.A. Mennella, S.L. Johnson, and F. Bellisle. 2012. “Sweetness and Food Preference.” The Journal of Nutrition 142 (6): 1142S–11148. S. doi:10.3945/jn.111.149575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenko, A., I. Nicolaas, and M. Galetzka. 2018. “Does Attention to Health Labels Predict a Healthy Food Choice? An Eye-Tracking Study.” Food Quality and Preference 69: 57–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.05.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. 2016. “Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Final Rule.” Federal Register 81 (103): 33741–33999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Food Standards Agency. 2007. Using Traffic Lights to Make Healthier Choices. London: FSA.
   Google Scholar
• Galton, F. 1890. “Exhibition of Instruments (1) for Testing Perception of Differences of Tint, and (2) for Determining Reaction-Time.” The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 19: 27. doi:10.2307/2842529.
   Google Scholar
• Geiger, C.J., B.W. Wyse, C.R.M. Parent, and R.G. Hansen. 1991. “Nutrition Labels in Bar Graph Format Deemed Most Useful for Consumer Purchase Decisions Using Adaptive Conjoint Analysis.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 91 (7): 800–807. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)01232-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, D.J., C. Heidrick, and K. Hodgin. 2015. “Nutrition Label Viewing during a Food-Selection Task: Front-of-Package Labels vs Nutrition Facts Labels.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 115 (10): 1636–1646. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, D.J., J.L. Orquin, and V.H.M. Visschers. 2012. “Eye Tracking and Nutrition Label Use: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Label Enhancement.” Food Policy. 37 (4): 378–382. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, D.J, and C.A. Roberto. 2016. “Evaluating the Impact of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Proposed Nutrition Facts Label Changes on Young Adults Visual Attention and Purchase Intentions.” Health Education & Behavior 43 (4): 389–398. doi:10.1177/1090198116651082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebitus, C, and G.C. Davis. 2017. “Change is Good!? Analyzing the Relationship between Attention and Nutrition Facts Panel Modifications.” Food Policy. 73: 119–130. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebitus, C, and G.C. Davis. 2019. “Does the New Nutrition Facts Panel Help Compensate for Low Numeracy Skills? An Eye‐Tracking Analysis.” Agricultural Economics 50 (3): 249–258. doi:10.1111/agec.12481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunert, K.G., J.M. Wills, and L. Fernández-Celemín. 2010. “Nutrition Knowledge, and Use and Understanding of Nutrition Information on Food Labels among Consumers in the UK.” Appetite 55 (2): 177–189. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley, K.L., C.A. Roberto, M.A. Bragg, P.J. Liu, M.B. Schwartz, and K.D. Brownell. 2013. “The Science on Front-of-Package Food Labels.” Public Health Nutrition 16 (3): 430–439. doi:10.1017/s1368980012000754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellier, E., J. Edworthy, N. Derbyshire, and A. Costello. 2006. “Considering the Impact of Medicine Label Design Characteristics on Patient Safety.” Ergonomics 49 (5–6): 617–630. doi:10.1080/00140130600568980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersey, J.C., K.C. Wohlgenant, J.E. Arsenault, K.M. Kosa, and M.K. Muth. 2013. “Effects of Front-of-Package and Shelf Nutrition Labeling Systems on Consumers.” Nutrition Reviews 71 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1111/nure.12000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkins, Charo, Julie Barnett, Grazyna Wasowicz-Kirylo, Malgorzata Stysko-Kunkowska, Yaprak Gulcan, Yesim Kustepeli, Sedef Akgungor, George Chryssochoidis, Laura Fernández-Celemin, Stefan Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann, Michelle Gibbs, and Monique Raats. 2012. “Understanding How Consumers Categorise Nutritional Labels: A Consumer Derived Typology for Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling.” Appetite 59 (3): 806–817. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, Spencer L., Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M. Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Zegeye Abebe, Semaw F. Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Ilana N. Ackerman, Abdu A. Adamu, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mina G. Adib, Jose C. Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M. Agesa, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Alaa Alashi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Mohamed M.L. Alouani, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T. Amare, Leopold N. Aminde, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Jalal Arabloo, Antonio Arauz, Olatunde Aremu, Filippo Ariani, Bahroom Armoon, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K. Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Rana Jawad Asghar, Zerihun Ataro, Sachin R. Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rakesh Ayer, Peter S. Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Katherine E. Ballesteros, Shoshana H. Ballew, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A. Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Bernhard T. Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Abate Bekele Belachew, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Isabela M. Bensenor, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Brigette F. Blacker, Fiona M. Blyth, Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J. Brady, Michael Brainin, Luisa C. Brant, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Andrew M. Briggs, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Jorge Cano, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Alex R. Chang, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J. Charlson, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J. Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M. Claro, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Josef Coresh, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H. Criqui, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Marita Cross, John A. Crump, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Gail Davey, Adrian C. Davis, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Barbora De Courten, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P. Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C. Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, M.Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Linh Doan, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, E.Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tim Robert Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Michelle Marie Echko, David Edvardsson, Andem Effiong, Joshua R. Ehrlich, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Iqbal R.F. Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E. Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Hamed Fakhim, Vahid Fallah Omrani, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A. Farid, Carla Sofia E sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C. Fernandes, Alize J. Ferrari, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A. Foigt, Kyle J. Foreman, Jack Fox, Tahvi D. Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M. Furtado, Neal D. Futran, Seana Gall, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, William M. Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Rakesh Ghosh, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Simona Giampaoli, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Ellen M. Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N. Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M. Gorman, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Morgan E. Grams, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Yuming Guo, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A. Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L. Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin N. Hawley, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I. Hay, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Behzad Heibati, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Claudiu Herteliu, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Huong Thanh Hoang, Hans W. Hoek, Howard J. Hoffman, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H.Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Damian G. Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, John J. Huang, Chantal K. Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Bogdan Ileanu, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Catherine O. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M. Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Masoud Keighobadi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mohammad Khazaei, Abdullah T. Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Pauline Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A. Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Georgios A. Kotsakis, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A. Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Kristopher J. Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G.Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Deepesh P. Lad, Sheetal D. Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C. Lansingh, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Janet L. Leasher, Jorge R. Ledesma, Paul H. Lee, James Leigh, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S. Lim, Shiwei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Katharine J. Looker, Alan D. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nicola Low, Rafael Lozano, Tim C.D. Lucas, Lydia R. Lucchesi, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan A. Lyons, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T. Mackay, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P. Maghavani, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Treh Manhertz, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C. Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B. Marzan, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfa Mekonen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Michele Meltzer, Peter T.N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I. Millear, Ted R. Miller, Benjamin Miltz, G.K. Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Philip B. Mitchell, Habtamu Mitiku, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Modhurima Moitra, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghobad Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Joana Morgado-Da-Costa, Shane Douglas Morrison, Marilita M. Moschos, W.Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Kalayu Brhane Mruts, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Oumer Sada Muhammed, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Kate Muller, John Everett Mumford, Manoj Murhekar, Jonah Musa, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Chie Nagata, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Nitish Naik, Farid Najafi, Luigi Naldi, Hae Sung Nam, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Nahid Neamati, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles Richard James Newton, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anh Quynh Nguyen, Ha Thu Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Nam Ba Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Molly R. Nixon, Nomonde Nolutshungu, Shuhei Nomura, Ole F. Norheim, Mehdi Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Elaine O. Nsoesie, Peter S. Nyasulu, Christopher M. Odell, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Kanyin L. Ong, Sok King Ong, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Erika Ota, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Simon Øverland, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Rosana Pacella, Amir H. Pakpour, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Andrea Parisi, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D.H. Parry, Shanti Patel, Sanghamitra Pati, Snehal T. Patil, Ajay Patle, George C. Patton, Vishnupriya Rao Paturi, Katherine R. Paulson, Neil Pearce, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Hai Quang Pham, Michael R. Phillips, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Michael A. Piradov, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Farhad Pishgar, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Dietrich Plass, Suzanne Polinder, Svetlana Popova, Maarten J. Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Swayam Prakash, V. Prakash, Caroline A. Purcell, Manorama B. Purwar, Mostafa Qorbani, D.Alex Quistberg, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Kazem Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Fatemeh Rajati, Usha Ram, Prabhat Ranjan, Anna Ranta, Puja C. Rao, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, K.Srinath Reddy, Robert C. Reiner, Nickolas Reinig, Marissa Bettay Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Nicholas L.S. Roberts, Stephen R. Robinson, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Gregory A. Roth, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Perminder S. Sachdev, Nafis Sadat, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hosein Safari, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Joseph S. Salama, Payman Salamati, Komal Saleem, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi, Joshua A. Salomon, Sundeep Santosh Salvi, Inbal Salz, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Yingying Sang, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Itamar S. Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R. Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Mete Saylan, Elke Schaeffner, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J.C. Schneider, Ben Schöttker, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G. Scott, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Mehdi Shahbazi, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammadbagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Heidar Sharafi, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Meenakshi Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Kawkab Shishani, Ivy Shiue, Farhad Shokraneh, Haitham Shoman, Mark G. Shrime, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J. Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Narayana Sarma Venkata Singam, Jasvinder A. Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Erica Leigh N. Slepak, Karen Sliwa, David L. Smith, Mari Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Eugène Sobngwi, Samir S. Soneji, Moslem Soofi, Masoud Soosaraei, Reed J.D. Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Dan J. Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Timothy J. Steiner, Mark A. Stokes, Lars Jacob Stovner, Michelle L. Subart, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno F. Sunguya, Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L. Sykes, Dillon O. Sylte, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Nikhil Tandon, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Hugh R. Taylor, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nihal Thomas, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G. To, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Fotis Topouzis, Anna E. Torre, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Christopher E. Troeger, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Derrick Tsoi, Lorainne Tudor Car, E.Murat Tuzcu, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Jurgen Unutzer, Rachel L. Updike, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A. Uthman, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Pascual R. Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Santos Villafaina, Francesco S. Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Kia Vosoughi, Isidora S. Vujcic, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Stephen G. Waller, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G. Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, T.Eoin West, Harvey A. Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Lauren B. Wilner, Shadrach Wilson, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Alison B. Wiyeh, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Anthony D. Woolf, Shouling Wu, Yun-Chun Wu, Grant M.A. Wyper, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Simon Yadgir, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Kai Zhang, Zheng Zhao, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Inbar Zucker, Theo Vos, and Christopher J.L. Murray. 2018. “Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.” The Lancet 392 (10159): 1789–1858. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, G, and M. Richardson. 2007. “An Objective Examination of Consumer Perception of Nutrition Information Based on Healthiness Ratings and Eye Movements.” Public Health Nutrition 10 (3): 238–244. doi:10.1017/S1368980007258513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julia, C., F. Etilé, and S. Hercberg. 2018. “Front-of-Pack Nutri-Score Labelling in France: An Evidence-Based Policy.” The Lancet. Public Health 3 (4): e164. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30009-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenigstorfer, Joerg, Grażyna Wąsowicz-Kiryło, Małgorzata Styśko-Kunkowska, and Andrea Groeppel-Klein. 2014. “Behavioural Effects of Directive Cues on Front-of-Package Nutrition Information: The Combination Matters!.” Public Health Nutrition 17 (9): 2115–2121. doi:10.1017/s136898001300219x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, M., G. Ares, and R. Deliza. 2018. “How Do Front of Pack Nutrition Labels Affect Healthfulness Perception of Foods Targeted at Children? Insights from Brazilian Children and Parents.” Food Quality and Preference 64: 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, G, and X. Zhuang. 2021. “Nutrition Label Processing in the past 10 Years: Contributions from Eye Tracking Approach.” Appetite 156: 104859. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhurchu, C.N, and D. Gorton. 2007. “Nutrition Labels and Claims in New Zealand and Australia: A Review of Use and Understanding.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00026.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, K.G., B.W. Wyse, and R.G. Hansen. 1980. “Aiding Consumer Nutrition Decisions: Comparison of a Graphical Nutrient Density Labeling Format with the Current Food Labeling System.” Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal 8 (3): 162–172.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, L, and M. Prevost. 2016. “What Cognitive Sciences Have to Say about the Impacts of Nutritional Labelling Formats.” Journal of Economic Psychology 55: 17–29. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2016.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. 2015. “Report on Chinese Residents' Chronic Diseases and Nutrition 2015.” http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s5879/201506/4505528e4505565f4503460fb88685081ff88685158a88685082.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Post, R.E., A.G. Mainous, V.A. Diaz, E.M. Matheson, and C.J. Everett. 2010. “Use of the Nutrition Facts Label in Chronic Disease Management. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110 (4): 628–632. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reale, S, and S.W. Flint. 2016. “The Impact of Menu Label Design on Visual Attention, Food Choice and Recognition: An Eye Tracking Study.” Journal of Sensory Studies 31 (4): 328–340. doi:10.1111/joss.12216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, J. 1986. “Aiding Consumer Nutrition Decisions with the Simple Graphic Label Format.” Home Economics Research Journal 14 (3): 342–346. doi:10.1177/1077727X8601400308.
   Google Scholar
• Rudd, J. 1989. “Consumer Response to Calorie Base Variations on the Graphical Nutrient Density Food Label.” Journal of Nutrition Education 21 (6): 259–264. doi:10.1016/S0022-3182(89)80144-X.
   Google Scholar
• Schnettler, B., G. Ares, N. Sepúlveda, S. Bravo, B. Villalobos, C. Hueche, and C. Adasme-Berríos. 2019. “How Do Consumers Perceive Reformulated Foods after the Implementation of Nutritional Warnings? Case Study with Frankfurters in Chile.” Food Quality and Preference 74: 179–188. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.01.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shangguan, S., A. Afshin, M. Shulkin, W. Ma, D. Marsden, J. Smith, M. Saheb-Kashaf, P. Shi, R. Micha, F. Imamura, and D. Mozaffarian. 2019. “A Meta-Analysis of Food Labeling Effects on Consumer Diet Behaviors and Industry Practices.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 56 (2): 300–314. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., L.-H. Rebecca, and C. Keller. 2015. “Which Front-of-Pack Nutrition Label is the Most Efficient One? The Results of an Eye-Tracker Study.” Food Quality and Preference 39 (5): 183–190. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.07.010.
   Google Scholar
• Tory, M, and T. Moller. 2004. “Human Factors in Visualization Research.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 10 (1): 72–84. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2004.1260759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Herpen, E, and H.C.M. van Trijp. 2011. “Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels. Their Effect on Attention and Choices When Consumers Have Varying Goals and Time Constraints.” Appetite 57 (1): 148–160. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. 1993. “Graphical Nutritional Labelling: The Need for Consumer Research.” British Food Journal 95 (6): 25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J.M. 2021. “Guided Search 6.0: An Updated Model of Visual Search.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28 (4): 1060–1092. doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01859-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2014. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2015. “Global and Regional Food Consumption Patterns and Trends.” http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/
   Google Scholar
• Young, O., K. Kantono, M. Waiguny, L.F. Hung, and N. Hamid. 2018. “A Graphical Equivalent to Mandated Nutrition Information Tables.” British Food Journal 120 (4): 777–787. doi:10.1108/BFJ-07-2017-0407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar