48
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

High-speed train drivers’ human error under fatigue and stress: the role of situation awareness and individual differences

, , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 11 Mar 2024, Accepted 11 Jun 2024, Published online: 01 Jul 2024

References

  • Andersson, A., A. O’connor, and R. Karoumi. 2015. “Passive and Adaptive Damping Systems for Vibration Mitigation and Increased Fatigue Service Life of a Tied Arch Railway Bridge.” Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 30 (9): 748–757. doi:10.1111/mice.12116.
  • Antoun, M., K.M. Edwards, J. Sweeting, and D. Ding. 2017. “The Acute Physiological Stress Response to Driving: A Systematic Review.” PloS One 12 (10): e0185517. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185517.
  • Baysari, M.T., C. Caponecchia, A.S. Mcintosh, and J.R. Wilson. 2009. “Classification of Errors Contributing to Rail Incidents and Accidents: A Comparison of Two Human Error Identification Techniques.” Safety Science 47 (7): 948–957. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2008.09.012.
  • Baysari, M.T., A.S. Mcintosh, and J.R. Wilson. 2008. “Understanding the Human Factors Contribution to Railway Accidents and Incidents in Australia.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 40 (5): 1750–1757. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.013.
  • Beilock, S.L., and M.S. Decaro. 2007. “From Poor Performance to Success under Stress: working Memory, Strategy Selection, and Mathematical Problem Solving under Pressure.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33 (6): 983–998. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.6.983.
  • Bolstad, C.A. 2001. “Situation Awareness: Does It Change with Age?” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45 (4): 272–276. doi:10.1177/154193120104500401.
  • Bouargane, L., and A. Cherkaoui. 2015. “Towards an Explicative Model of Human Cognitive Process in a Hidden Hazardous Situation and a Cognitive Ergonomics Intervention in Railway Environment.” 2015 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Systems Management (IESM), 968–976. IEEE. doi:10.1109/IESM.2015.7380272.
  • Brandenburger, N., H.-J. Hörmann, D. Stelling, and A. Naumann. 2017. “Tasks, Skills, and Competencies of Future High-Speed Train Drivers.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231 (10): 1115–1122. doi:10.1177/0954409716676509.
  • Brandenburger, N., and M. Jipp. 2017. “Effects of Expertise for Automatic Train Operations.” Cognition, Technology & Work 19 (4): 699–709. doi:10.1007/s10111-017-0434-2.
  • Brandenburger, N., and A. Naumann. 2019. “On Track: A Series of Research about the Effects of Increasing Railway Automation on the Train Driver.” IFAC-PapersOnLine 52 (19): 288–293. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.115.
  • Brandenburger, N., A. Naumann, and M. Jipp. 2021. “Task-Induced Fatigue When Implementing High Grades of Railway Automation.” Cognition, Technology & Work 23 (2): 273–283. doi:10.1007/s10111-019-00613-z.
  • Caldwell, J.A., J.L. Caldwell, L.A. Thompson, and H.R. Lieberman. 2019. “Fatigue and Its Management in the Workplace.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 96: 272–289. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024.
  • Callaway, E., and D. Dembo. 1958. “Narrowed Attention: A Psychological Phenomenon That Accompanies a Certain Physiological Change.” A.M.A. archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 79 (1): 74–90. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340010092008.
  • Caserta, R.J., and L. Abrams. 2007. “The Relevance of Situation Awareness in Older Adults’ Cognitive Functioning: A Review.” European Review of Aging and Physical Activity 4 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1007/s11556-007-0018-x.
  • Chajut, E., and D. Algom. 2003. “Selective Attention Improves under Stress: Implications for Theories of Social Cognition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2): 231–248. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.231.
  • Chen, D., C.A. Xu, and S. Ni. 2017. “Data Mining on Chinese Train Accidents to Derive Associated Rules.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231 (2): 239–252. doi:10.1177/0954409715624724.
  • Chiesa, A., and A. Serretti. 2009. “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Stress Management in Healthy People: A Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15 (5): 593–600. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0495.
  • Chu, F., Y. Fu, and S. Liu. 2019. “Organization is Also a “Life Form”: Organizational-Level Personality, Job Satisfaction, and Safety Performance of High-Speed Rail Operators.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 125: 217–223. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.027.
  • Chu, F., M. Guo, S. Liu, and S. Chen. 2020. “Work-Family Conflict, Personality, and Safety Behaviors among High-Speed Railway Drivers.” Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 12 (9): 1147–1163. doi:10.1080/19439962.2019.1579289.
  • Chu, F., S. Liu, M. Guo, and Q. Zhang. 2021. “I Am the Top Talent: Perceived Overqualification, Role Breadth Self-Efficacy, and Safety Participation of High-Speed Railway Operators in China.” Safety Science 144: 105476. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105476.
  • Chung, W.-Y., T.-W. Chong, and B.-G. Lee. 2019. “Methods to Detect and Reduce Driver Stress: A Review.” International Journal of Automotive Technology 20 (5): 1051–1063. doi:10.1007/s12239-019-0099-3.
  • Ciani, L., G. Guidi, and G. Patrizi. 2022. “Human Reliability in Railway Engineering: Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of the Last Two Decades.” Safety Science 151: 105755. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105755.
  • Cohen, J. 2016. “A Power Primer.” In Methodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research, edited by A.E. Kazdin, 4th ed., 279–284. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14805-018.
  • Cohen, S., D. Janicki-Deverts, and G.E. Miller. 2007. “Psychological Stress and Disease.” JAMA 298 (14): 1685–1687. doi:10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.
  • Cox, T. 1987. “Stress, Coping and Problem Solving.” Work & Stress 1 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1080/02678378708258476.
  • Crum, A.J., M. Akinola, A. Martin, and S. Fath. 2017. “The Role of Stress Mindset in Shaping Cognitive, Emotional, and Physiological Responses to Challenging and Threatening Stress.” Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 30 (4): 379–395. doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1275585.
  • Cullen, L., and S. Smith. 2004. Rail-Specific Human Reliability Assessment Technique for Driving Tasks. London, UK: Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB). http://www.rssb.co.uk/pdf/reports/research/T270_rb_final.pdf.
  • Dawson, D., A.K. Searle, and J.L. Paterson. 2014. “Look before You (s) Leep: Evaluating the Use of Fatigue Detection Technologies within a Fatigue Risk Management System for the Road Transport Industry.” Sleep Medicine Reviews 18 (2): 141–152. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.03.003.
  • Doran, S.M., H.P. Van Dongen, and D.F. Dinges. 2001. “Sustained Attention Performance during Sleep Deprivation: evidence of State Instability.” Archives Italiennes de Biologie 139 (3): 253–267. doi:10.4449/aib.v139i3.503.
  • Dorrian, J., S.D. Baulk, and D. Dawson. 2011. “Work Hours, Workload, Sleep and Fatigue in Australian Rail Industry Employees.” Applied Ergonomics 42 (2): 202–209. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.009.
  • Dorrian, J., J. Chapman, L. Bowditch, N. Balfe, and A. Naweed. 2022. “A Survey of Train Driver Schedules, Sleep, Wellbeing, and Driving Performance in Australia and New Zealand.” Scientific Reports 12 (1): 3956. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07627-0.
  • Dorrian, J., F. Hussey, and D. Dawson. 2007. “Train Driving Efficiency and Safety: examining the Cost of Fatigue.” Journal of Sleep Research 16 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00563.x.
  • Dorrian, J., G.D. Roach, A. Fletcher, and D. Dawson. 2006. “The Effects of Fatigue on Train Handling during Speed Restrictions.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 9 (4): 243–257. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2006.01.003.
  • Dorrian, J., G.D. Roach, A. Fletcher, and D. Dawson. 2007. “Simulated Train Driving: fatigue, Self-Awareness and Cognitive Disengagement.” Applied Ergonomics 38 (2): 155–166. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.03.006.
  • Dunn, N., and A. Williamson. 2012. “Driving Monotonous Routes in a Train Simulator: The Effect of Task Demand on Driving Performance and Subjective Experience.” Ergonomics 55 (9): 997–1008. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.691994.
  • Endsley, M.R. 1995. “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37 (1): 32–64. doi:10.1518/001872095779049543.
  • Endsley, M.R. 2006. “Expertise and Situation Awareness.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, 633–652. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816796.036.
  • Epel, E.S., A.D. Crosswell, S.E. Mayer, A.A. Prather, G.M. Slavich, E. Puterman, and W.B. Mendes. 2018. “More than a Feeling: A Unified View of Stress Measurement for Population Science.” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 49: 146–169. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001.
  • Ericsson, K.A. 2006. “The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, edited by K.A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P.J. Feltovich, and R.R. Hoffman, 683–703. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816796.038.
  • Ericsson, K.A., and J. Smith, eds. 1991. Toward a General Theory of Expertise: Prospects and Limits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Evans, A.W. 2011. “Fatal Train Accidents on Europe’s Railways: 1980–2009.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 43 (1): 391–401. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.09.009.
  • Fan, C., S. Huang, S. Lin, D. Xu, Y. Peng, and S. Yi. 2022. “Types, Risk Factors, Consequences, and Detection Methods of Train Driver Fatigue and Distraction.” Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022: 8328077–8328010. doi:10.1155/2022/8328077.
  • Flin, R., and P. O’Connor. 2017. Safety at the Sharp End: A Guide to Non-Technical Skills, 35–36. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781315607467.
  • Filtness, A., and A. Naweed. 2017. “Causes, Consequences and Countermeasures to Driver Fatigue in the Rail Industry: The Train Driver Perspective.” Applied Ergonomics 60: 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.10.009.
  • Folkman, S. 2020. “Stress: Appraisal and Coping.” In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine , edited by M.D. Gellman: 2177–2179. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_215.
  • Folkman, S., R.S. Lazarus, S. Pimley, and J. Novacek. 1987. “Age Differences in Stress and Coping Processes.” Psychology and Aging 2 (2): 171–184. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.171.
  • Forsberg, R. 2016. “Conditions Affecting Safety on the Swedish Railway–Train Drivers’ Experiences and Perceptions.” Safety Science 85: 53–59. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.015.
  • Gao, S., and L. Wang. 2023. “More Experience Might Not Bring More Safety: Negative Moderation Effect of Pilots’ Flight Experience on Their Safety Performance.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 95: 103430. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103430.
  • Ge, Y., W. Qu, C. Jiang, F. Du, X. Sun, and K. Zhang. 2014. “The Effect of Stress and Personality on Dangerous Driving Behavior among Chinese Drivers.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 73: 34–40. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.024.
  • Geiger-Brown, J., V.E. Rogers, A.M. Trinkoff, R.L. Kane, R.B. Bausell, and S.M. Scharf. 2012. “Sleep, Sleepiness, Fatigue, and Performance of 12-Hour-Shift Nurses.” Chronobiology International 29 (2): 211–219. doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.645752.
  • Giuliani, H.K., G.R. Gerstner, J.A. Mota, and E.D. Ryan. 2020. “Influence of Demographic Characteristics and Muscle Strength on the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale in Career Firefighters.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62 (3): 223–226. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001806.
  • Gugerty, L. 2011. “Situation Awareness in Driving.” In Handbook for Driving Simulation in Engineering, Medicine and Psychology, edited by J.D. Lee, M. Rizzo, D.V. McGehee, and J.D. Caird, 19–1–19-16. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://gugerty.people.clemson.edu/Gugerty2011SAdriving.pdf.
  • Guo, M., L. Hu, and L. Ye. 2019. “Cognition and Driving Safety: How Does the High-Speed Railway Drivers’ Cognitive Ability Affect Safety Performance?” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 65: 10–22. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.006.
  • Guo, M., W. Wei, G. Liao, and F. Chu. 2016. “The Impact of Personality on Driving Safety among Chinese High-Speed Railway Drivers.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 92: 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.014.
  • Hancock, P.A., and J.S. Warm. 1989. “A Dynamic Model of Stress and Sustained Attention.” Human Factors 31 (5): 519–537. doi:10.1177/001872088903100503.
  • Härmä, M., H. Tarja, K. Irja, S. Mikael, V. Jussi, B. Anne, and M. Pertti. 2006. “A Controlled Intervention Study on the Effects of a Very Rapidly Forward Rotating Shift System on Sleep–Wakefulness and Well-Being among Young and Elderly Shift Workers.” International Journal of Psychophysiology 59 (1): 70–79. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.08.005.
  • Harris, W.C., P. Hancock, and S.C. Harris. 2005. “Information Processing Changes following Extended Stress.” Military Psychology 17 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1702_4.
  • Havârneanu, C.-E., C. Măirean, and S.-A. Popuşoi. 2019. “Workplace Stress as Predictor of Risky Driving Behavior among Taxi Drivers. The Role of Job-Related Affective State and Taxi Driving Experience.” Safety Science 111: 264–270. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2018.07.020.
  • Hayes, A.F. 2013. “Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS.” http://www.afhayes.com/public/templates.pdf.
  • Hickey, A.R., and M.D. Collins. 2017. “Disinhibition and Train Driver Performance.” Safety Science 95: 104–115. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.016.
  • Jackson, E.M. 2013. “Stress Relief: The Role of Exercise in Stress Management.” ACSM’S Health & Fitness Journal 17 (3): 14–19. doi:10.1249/FIT.0b013e31828cb1c9.
  • Jacobsen, H.B., J.K. Aasvik, P.C. Borchgrevink, N.I. Landrø, and T.C. Stiles. 2016. “Metacognitions Are Associated with Subjective Memory Problems in Individuals on Sick Leave Due to Chronic Fatigue.” Frontiers in Psychology 7: 729. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00729.
  • Jansson, E., N.O. Olsson, and O. Fröidh. 2023. “Challenges of Replacing Train Drivers in Driverless and Unattended Railway Mainline Systems—A Swedish Case Study on Delay Logs Descriptions.” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 21: 100875. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100875.
  • Jiao, Y., Z. Sun, L. Fu, X. Yu, C. Jiang, X. Zhang, K. Liu, and X. Chen. 2022. “Physiological Responses and Stress Levels of High-Speed Rail Train Drivers under Various Operating Conditions-A Simulator Study in China.” International Journal of Rail Transportation 11 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1080/23248378.2022.2086638.
  • Karthikeyan, R., J. Carrizales, C. Johnson, and R.K. Mehta. 2022. “A Window into the Tired Brain: Neurophysiological Dynamics of Visuospatial Working Memory under Fatigue.” Human Factors 66 (2): 528–543. 00187208221094900. doi:10.1177/00187208221094900.
  • Karvonen, H., I. Aaltonen, M. Wahlström, L. Salo, P. Savioja, and L. Norros. 2011. “Hidden Roles of the Train Driver: A Challenge for Metro Automation.” Interacting with Computers 23 (4): 289–298. doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2011.04.008.
  • Kata, G., and W. Poleszak. 2021. “Cognitive Functioning and Safety Determinants in the Work of a Train Drivers.” Acta Neuropsychologica 19 (2): 279–291. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.9958.
  • Kecklund, L., M. Ingre, G. Kecklund, M. Söderström, T. Åkerstedt, E. Lindberg, A. Jansson, E. Olsson, B. Sandblad, and P. Almqvist. 2001. The TRAIN-Project: Railway Safety and the Train Driver Information Environment and Work Situation-A Summary of the Main Results.” Signalling Safety. https://www.it.uu.se/research/project/train/papers/signalingsafety010214.pdf
  • Key, C.J. 2016. “The Comparative Situation Awareness Performance of Older (to Younger) Drivers.” Doctoral diss., Loughborough University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288369103.pdf.
  • Körber, M., A. Cingel, M. Zimmermann, and K. Bengler. 2015. “Vigilance Decrement and Passive Fatigue Caused by Monotony in Automated Driving.” Procedia Manufacturing 3: 2403–2409. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.499.
  • Kudesia, R.S., A. Pandey, and C.S. Reina. 2022. “Doing More with Less: Interactive Effects of Cognitive Resources and Mindfulness Training in Coping with Mental Fatigue from Multitasking.” Journal of Management 48 (2): 410–439. doi:10.1177/0149206320964570.
  • Kyriakidis, M., A. Majumdar, and W.Y. Ochieng. 2015. “Data Based Framework to Identify the Most Significant Performance Shaping Factors in Railway Operations.” Safety Science 78: 60–76. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.010.
  • Langner, R., M.B. Steinborn, A. Chatterjee, W. Sturm, and K. Willmes. 2010. “Mental Fatigue and Temporal Preparation in Simple Reaction-Time Performance.” Acta Psychologica 133 (1): 64–72. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.10.001.
  • Liu, Y. 2011. “Job Stress Research on Locomotive Driver under the Background of China Railway Speeding-up.” Master’s thesis, Southwest Jiaotong University.
  • Lu, L., F.M. Megahed, R.F. Sesek, and L.A. Cavuoto. 2017. “A Survey of the Prevalence of Fatigue, Its Precursors and Individual Coping Mechanisms among US Manufacturing Workers.” Applied Ergonomics 65: 139–151. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.06.004.
  • Mahdinia, M., I. Mohammadfam, M. Mirzaei Aliabadi, H. Aghaei, A.R. Soltanian, and A. Soltanzadeh. 2022. “The Mediation Effect of Workers’ Situation Awareness on the Relationship between Work-Related Factors and Human Error: A Path Analysis Approach.” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE 28 (3): 1958–1966. doi:10.1080/10803548.2021.1950337.
  • Massar, S.A., Á. Csathó, and D. Van Der Linden. 2018. “Quantifying the Motivational Effects of Cognitive Fatigue through Effort-Based Decision Making.” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 843. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00843.
  • Mcleod, R.W., G.H. Walker, and N. Moray. 2005. “Analysing and Modelling Train Driver Performance.” Applied Ergonomics 36 (6): 671–680. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.05.006.
  • Mohammadfam, I., M. Mahdinia, A. Soltanzadeh, M.M. Aliabadi, and A.R. Soltanian. 2021. “A Path Analysis Model of Individual Variables Predicting Safety Behavior and Human Error: The Mediation Effect of Situation Awareness.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 84: 103144. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103144.
  • Morgado, P., N. Sousa, and J.J. Cerqueira. 2015. “The Impact of Stress in Decision Making in the Context of Uncertainty.” Journal of Neuroscience Research 93 (6): 839–847. doi:10.1002/jnr.23521.
  • Naweed, A. 2013. “Psychological Factors for Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Australian and New Zealand Rail Industry.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 60: 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.08.022.
  • Naweed, A. 2014. “Investigations into the Skills of Modern and Traditional Train Driving.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (3): 462–470. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.06.006.
  • Niu, L., and R. Zhao. 2022. “The Effect of Safety Attitudes on Coal Miners’ Human Error: A Moderated Mediation Model.” Sustainability 14 (16): 9917. doi:10.3390/su14169917.
  • Niu, S.-F., M.-H. Chung, C.-H. Chen, D. Hegney, A. O’Brien, and K.-R. Chou. 2011. “The Effect of Shift Rotation on Employee Cortisol Profile, Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Attention Level: A Systematic Review.” The Journal of Nursing Research: JNR 19 (1): 68–81. doi:10.1097/JNR.0b013e31820c1879.
  • Ozel, F. 2001. “Time Pressure and Stress as a Factor during Emergency Egress.” Safety Science 38 (2): 95–107. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00061-8.
  • Park, D.C. 2000. “Cognitive Aging: A Primer.” In Cognitive Aging: A Primer, edited by D.C. Park and N. Schwarz, 3–19. London: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9780203727027.
  • Pattyn, N., X. Neyt, D. Henderickx, and E. Soetens. 2008. “Psychophysiological Investigation of Vigilance Decrement: boredom or Cognitive Fatigue?” Physiology & Behavior 93 (1–2): 369–378. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.09.016.
  • Peterson, T.O., and R.B. Arnn. 2008. “Self‐Efficacy: The Foundation of Human Performance.” Performance Improvement Quarterly 18 (2): 5–18. doi:10.1111/j.1937-8327.2005.tb00330.x.
  • Phillips, R.O. 2014. “What is Fatigue and How Does It Affect the Safety Performance of Human Transport Operators.” In Fatigue in Transport: Report I (Report No. 1351), edited by T.H. Hamill, 1–24. Oslo, Norway: Institute of Transport Economics. http://worldcat.org/isbn/9788248015628.
  • Popkin, S.M., S.L. Morrow, T.E. Di Domenico, and H.D. Howarth. 2008. “Age Is More than Just a Number: Implications for an Aging Workforce in the US Transportation Sector.” Applied Ergonomics 39 (5): 542–549. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2008.02.003.
  • Porcelli, A.J., and M.R. Delgado. 2017. “Stress and Decision Making: effects on Valuation, Learning, and Risk-Taking.” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 14: 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.015.
  • Rad, M.A., L.M. Lefsrud, M. Hendry, and D. Blais. 2021. “Literature Review on Cognitive Impacts of Cab Warning Systems and Train Control Technologies.” Canadian Rail Research Laboratory (CaRRL). doi:10.7939/r3-gapp-mc47.
  • Rastgoo, M.N., B. Nakisa, A. Rakotonirainy, V. Chandran, and D. Tjondronegoro. 2018. “A Critical Review of Proactive Detection of Driver Stress Levels Based on Multimodal Measurements.” ACM Computing Surveys 51 (5): 1–35. doi:10.1145/3186585.
  • Roth, E., and J. Multer. 2009. “Technology Implications of a Cognitive Task Analysis for Locomotive Engineers.” (Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-09/03). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/8858/dot_8858_DS1.pdf.
  • Rail Safety and Standards Board. 2012. “Non-Technical Skills for Rail: A List of Skills and Behavioural Markers for Drivers, with Guidance Notes.” Accessed March 15, 2023. https://www.rssb.co.uk/.
  • Safar, H., M. France, J. Multer, and E.M. Roth. 2020. “Preventing Stop Signal Overruns: Good Practices for Passenger Railroads.” (Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-20/01). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration. doi:10.21949/1518733.
  • Sagherian, K., and J. Geiger Brown. 2016. “In-Depth Review of Five Fatigue Measures in Shift Workers.” Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 4 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1080/21641846.2015.1124521.
  • Saksvik, I.B., B. Bjorvatn, H. Hetland, G.M. Sandal, and S. Pallesen. 2011. “Individual Differences in Tolerance to Shift Work–a Systematic Review.” Sleep Medicine Reviews 15 (4): 221–235. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.07.002.
  • Salmon, P.M., N.A. Stanton, and K.L. Young. 2012. “Situation Awareness on the Road: review, Theoretical and Methodological Issues, and Future Directions.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 13 (4): 472–492. doi:10.1080/1463922X.2010.539289.
  • Sandi, C. 2013. “Stress and Cognition.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science 4 (3): 245–261. doi:10.1002/wcs.1222.
  • Santos, J., C. Ramos, A. Silva, S. Amorim, P. Winwood, and C. Carvalhais. 2022. “Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion/Recovery (OFER) Scale among Industrial Shift Workers.” Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 77 (7): 554–560. doi:10.1080/19338244.2021.1967842.
  • Schoofs, D., D. Preuss, and O.T. Wolf. 2008. “Psychosocial Stress Induces Working Memory Impairments in an n-Back Paradigm.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 (5): 643–653. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004.
  • Schrauth, B., and W. Funk. 2021. “Are You with Me? The Relevance of Peers and Other Social Resources for Participation in the German Voluntary Accompanied-Driving Scheme.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 163: 106307. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106307.
  • Sebok, A., B. Walters, and C. Wickens. 2017. “Simulator-Based Investigations of Human Error Potential with Railroad Automation in the Locomotive Cab.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61 (1): 1964–1968. doi:10.1177/1541931213601970.
  • Sebok, A., C. Wickens, L. Laux, and M. Jones. 2015. “Supporting Human-Automation Interaction in the Rail Industry by Applying Lessons from Aviation.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59 (1): 1661–1665. doi:10.1177/1541931215591359.
  • Shakerian, M., A. Choobineh, M. Jahangiri, J. Hasanzadeh, and M. Nami. 2021. “Is ‘Invisible Gorilla’ Self-Reportedly Measurable? Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire for Measuring Cognitive Unsafe Behaviors of Front-Line Industrial Workers.” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE 27 (3): 852–866. doi:10.1080/10803548.2019.1664809.
  • Shappell, S., C. Detwiler, K. Holcomb, C. Hackworth, A. Boquet, and D.A. Wiegmann. 2007. “Human Error and Commercial Aviation Accidents: An Analysis Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System.” Human Factors 49 (2): 227–242. doi:10.1518/001872007X3124.
  • Shipunova, O., I. Berezovskaya, and O. Efremenko. 2022. “Transport Risk Factors and Personal Potential Safe Behavior of the Railway Operator.” Transportation Research Procedia 63: 1163–1170. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.120.
  • Sikander, G., and S. Anwar. 2019. “Driver Fatigue Detection Systems: A Review.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 20 (6): 2339–2352. doi:10.1109/TITS.2018.2868499.
  • Sneddon, A., K. Mearns, and R. Flin. 2013. “Stress, Fatigue, Situation Awareness and Safety in Offshore Drilling Crews.” Safety Science 56: 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.05.027.
  • Soto-Leon, V., C. Alonso-Bonilla, D. Peinado-Palomino, M. Torres-Pareja, N. Mendoza-Laiz, L. Mordillo-Mateos, A. Onate-Figuerez, P. Arias, J. Aguilar, and A. Oliviero. 2020. “Effects of Fatigue Induced by Repetitive Movements and Isometric Tasks on Reaction Time.” Human Movement Science 73: 102679. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2020.102679.
  • Stalvey, B.T., and C. Owsley. 2003. “The Development and Efficacy of a Theory-Based Educational Curriculum to Promote Self-Regulation among High-Risk Older Drivers.” Health Promotion Practice 4 (2): 109–119. doi:10.1177/1524839902250757.
  • Starcke, K., and M. Brand. 2012. “Decision Making under Stress: A Selective Review.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 36 (4): 1228–1248. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.003.
  • Tàpia-Caballero, P., M.-J. Serrano-Fernández, M. Boada-Cuerva, L. Araya-Castillo, and J. Boada-Grau. 2022. “Variables That Predict Burnout in Professional Drivers.” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE 28 (3): 1756–1765. doi:10.1080/10803548.2021.1929701.
  • Thorsteinsson, E.B., and R.F. Brown. 2009. “Mediators and Moderators of the Stressor–Fatigue Relationship in Nonclinical Samples.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 66 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.010.
  • Tone, I.-R, and A. Irwin. 2021. “Safety in the Field: Assessing the Impact of Stress and Fatigue on Situation Awareness in Irish and British Farmers.” In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, edited by P.M. Arezes, Vol. 1215, 274–283. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74608-7_35.
  • Underwood, G., A. Ngai, and J. Underwood. 2013. “Driving Experience and Situation Awareness in Hazard Detection.” Safety Science 56: 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.05.025.
  • Useche, S.A., B. Cendales, L. Montoro, and C. Esteban. 2018. “Work Stress and Health Problems of Professional Drivers: A Hazardous Formula for Their Safety Outcomes.” PeerJ. 6: e6249. doi:10.7717/peerj.6249.
  • Useche, S.A., V.G. Ortiz, and B.E. Cendales. 2017. “Stress-Related Psychosocial Factors at Work, Fatigue, and Risky Driving Behavior in Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) Drivers.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 104: 106–114. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.023.
  • Verhofstadt, E., E. Baillien, D. Verhaest, and H. De Witte. 2017. “On the Moderation Role of Years of Work Experience in the Job Demand–Control Model.” Economic and Industrial Democracy 38 (2): 294–313. doi:10.1177/0143831X15569550.
  • Vitlic, A., J.M. Lord, and A.C. Phillips. 2014. “Stress, Ageing and Their Influence on Functional, Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Immune System.” Age 36 (3): 9631. doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9631-6.
  • Wang, C., A. Trongnetrpunya, I.B.H. Samuel, M. Ding, and B.M. Kluger. 2016. “Compensatory Neural Activity in Response to Cognitive Fatigue.” The Journal of Neuroscience 36 (14): 3919–3924. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3652-15.2016.
  • Wang, M., and K.J. Saudino. 2011. “Emotion Regulation and Stress.” Journal of Adult Development 18 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1007/s10804-010-9114-7.
  • Wei, W., M. Guo, L. Ye, G. Liao, and Z. Yang. 2016. “Work-Family Conflict and Safety Participation of High-Speed Railway Drivers: Job Satisfaction as a Mediator.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 95 (Pt A): 97–103. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.06.022.
  • Wingelaar-Jagt, Y.Q., T.T. Wingelaar, W.J. Riedel, and J.G. Ramaekers. 2021. “Fatigue in Aviation: safety Risks, Preventive Strategies and Pharmacological Interventions.” Frontiers in Physiology 12: 712628. Article 712628. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.712628.
  • Winwood, P.C., K. Lushington, and A.H. Winefield. 2006. “Further Development and Validation of the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery (OFER) Scale.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48 (4): 381–389. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000194164.14081.06.
  • Winwood, P.C., A.H. Winefield, and K. Lushington. 2006. “Work‐Related Fatigue and Recovery: The Contribution of Age, Domestic Responsibilities and Shiftwork.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 56 (4): 438–449. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04011.x.
  • Wróbel, K. 2021. “Searching for the Origins of the Myth: 80% Human Error Impact on Maritime Safety.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 216: 107942. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2021.107942.
  • Ye, L., S. Liu, F. Chu, Q. Zhang, and M. Guo. 2021. “Effects of Personality on Job Burnout and Safety Performance of High-Speed Rail Drivers in China: The Mediator of Organizational Identification.” Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 13 (7): 695–713. doi:10.1080/19439962.2019.1667931.
  • You, X.-D., L. Zhu, Z.-G. Liu, and Y.-C. Huang. 2021. “Experimental Study on the Relationship between Fatigue and Unsafe Behavior of Urban Rail Transit Drivers.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2675 (10): 1151–1160. doi:10.1177/03611981211014888.
  • Zhang, N., S. Liu, B. Pan, and M. Guo. 2021. “Paternalistic Leadership and Safety Participation of High-Speed Railway Drivers in China: The Mediation Role of Leader–Member Exchange.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 591670. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.591670.
  • Zhang, T., J. Yang, N. Liang, B.J. Pitts, K. Prakah-Asante, R. Curry, B. Duerstock, J.P. Wachs, and D. Yu. 2023. “Physiological Measurements of Situation Awareness: A Systematic Review.” Human Factors 65 (5): 737–758. doi:10.1177/0018720820969071.
  • Zhang, Z., T. Turla, and X. Liu. 2021. “Analysis of Human-Factor-Caused Freight Train Accidents in the United States.” Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 13 (10): 1157–1186. doi:10.1080/19439962.2019.1697774.
  • Zoer, I., J.K. Sluiter, and M.H. Frings-Dresen. 2014. “Psychological Work Characteristics, Psychological Workload and Associated Psychological and Cognitive Requirements of Train Drivers.” Ergonomics 57 (10): 1473–1487. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.938130.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.