Assessing vigilance through a brief pencil and paper letter cancellation task (LCT): effects of one night of sleep deprivation and of the time of day

References

• ALBERT , M. and DUFFY , F. H. 1987 . Non-linear changes in cognition with age and their neuropsychologic correlates . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 41 : 141 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANGUS , R. G. , HESLEGRAVE , R. J. and MYLES , W. S. 1985 . Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation, with and without chronic physical exercise, on mood and performance . Psychophysiology , 22 : 276 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BABKOFF , H. , MIKULINCER , M. , CASPY , T. , KAMPISKY , D. and SINGH , H. 1988 . The effects of 72 hours of sleep deprivation: a memory search task . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40A : 737 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASAGRANDE , M. , VIOLANI , C. and BERTINI , M. 1996 . A brief Tachistoscopic Consonant Recognition Task as behavioral measure of sleepiness during 24 hours of continued wakefulness . Journal of Sleep Research , 5 : 56 Suppl., 1
   Google Scholar
• DAURAT , A. , AGUIRRE , A. , FORET , J. , GONNET , P. , KEROMES , A. and BENOIT , O. 1993 . Bright light affects alertness and performance rhythms during a 24-h constant routine . Physiology & Behaviour , 53 : 929 – 936 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEIGHTON , M. , TOBIAS , J. S. and WILKINSON , R. T. 1972 . The effects of sleep deprivation on signal detection parameters . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 23 : 449 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DINGES , D. F. 1987 . “ The nature of sleepiness: causes, context and consequences ” . In Eating, Sleeping and Sex , Edited by: Strunkard , A. and Baum , A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• DINGES , D. F. 1991 . “ Proving the limits of functional capability: the effects of sleep loss on short duration task ” . In Sleep, Arousal and Performance: Problems and Promises , Edited by: Ogilvie , R. and Broughton , R. 176 – 188 . Boston : Birkhauser .
   Google Scholar
• DINGES , D. and POWELL , J. 1989 . Sleepiness impairs optimum response capability—It's time to move beyond the Lapse Hypothesis . Sleep Research , 18 : 366
   Google Scholar
• FOLKARD , S. , MONK , T. H. and LOBBAN , M. C. 1978 . Short and long-term adjustment of circadian rhythms in ‘permanent’ night nurses . Ergonomics , 21 : 785 – 799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOLKARD , S. , WEVER , R. A. and WILDGRUBER , C. M. 1983 . Multy-oscillatory control of circadian rhythms in human performance . Nature , 305 : 223 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOLKARD , S. , KNAUTH , P. , MONK , T. H. and RUTENFRANZ , J. 1976 . The effects of memory load on the circadian variation on performance efficiency under a rapidly rotating shift system . Ergonomics , 19 : 479 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORT , A. and MILLS , J. N. 1972 . “ Influences of sleep, lack of sleep, and circadian rhythms on short psychometric tests ” . In Aspects of Human Efficiency , Edited by: Colquhoun , in W. P. 115 – 127 . London : The English Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• FRIEDMAN , J. , GLOBUS , G. , HUNTLEY , A. , MULLANEY , D. , NAITOH , P. and JOHNSON , L. 1977 . Performance and mood during and after gradual sleep reduction . Psychophysiology , 14 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FROBERG , J. E. 1977 . Twenty-four hour patterns in human performance, subjective and physiological variables and differences between morning and evening active subjects . Biological Psychology , 5 : 119 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLENVILLE , M. , BROUGHTON , R. , WING , A. M. and WILKINSON , R. T. 1978 . Effects of sleep deprivation on short duration performance measures compared to the Wilkinson auditory vigilance task . Sleep , 1 : 169 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HESLEGRAVE , R. J. and ANGUS , R. G. 1985 . The effects of task duration and work-session location on performance degradation induced by sleep loss and sustained cognitive work . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 17 : 592 – 603 .
   Google Scholar
• HOLDEN , C. 1993 . Wake-up call for sleep research . Science , 259 ( 5093 ) : 305 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORNE , J. A. and WILKINSON , R. T. 1985 . Chronic sleep reduction; daytime vigilance performance and EEG measures of sleepiness, with particular reference to ‘practice’ effects . Psychophysiology , 22 : 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORNE , J. A. , ANDERSON , N. R. and WILKINSON , R. T. 1983 . Effects of sleep deprivation on signal detection measures of vigilance: implications for sleep function . Sleep , 6 : 347 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JERISON , H. J. 1967 . Signal detection theory in the analysis of human vigilance . Human Factors , 9 : 285 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON , L. C. 1979 . “ Sleep disturbance and performance ” . In Sleep, Wakefulness and Circadian Rhythm , AGARD Lecture Series No., 105 Edited by: Nicholson , in A. N. Paris : NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSON , L. C. and NAITOH , P. 1974 . The Operational Consequences of Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Deficit , AGARD Lecture series No., 193 Paris : NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• KJELBERG , A. 1977 . Sleep deprivation and some aspects of performance. III. Motiviation, comment and conclusions . Waking and Sleeping , 1 : 149 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• LAGARDE , D. and BATEJAT , D. 1994 . Evaluation of drowsiness during prolonged sleep deprivation . Clinical Neurophysiology , 24 : 35 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONG , G. M. and WAAG , W. L. 1981 . Limitations on the practical applicability of d' αnd β measures . Human Factors , 23 : 285 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUBIN , A. , MOSES , J. M. , JOHNSON , L. C. and NAITOH , P. 1974 . The recuperative effects of REM sleep and stage 4 sleep on human performance after complete sleep loss . Experimental Psychophysiology , 11 : 133 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACKWORTH , N. H. 1950 . Researches on the measurement of human performance , Medical Research Council Special Report No. 268 London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• MEDDIS , R. 1982 . “ Cognitive dysfunction following loss of sleep ” . In The Pathology and Psychology of Cognition , Edited by: Burton , A. 225 – 252 . London and New York : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• MIKULINCER , M. , BABKOFF , H. , CASPY , T. and SINGH , H. 1989 . The effects of 72 hours of sleep loss on psychological variables . British Journal of Psychology , 80 : 145 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLAR , K. 1991 . “ Some chronic problems in the methodology of performance tasks applied in clinical settings ” . In Sleep, Arousal and Performance: Problems and Promises , Edited by: Ogilvie , R. and Broughton , R. 131 – 153 . Boston : Birkhauser .
   Google Scholar
• MONK , T. H. and LENG , V. C. 1982 . Time of day effects in simple repetitive task: some possible mechanisms . Acta Psychologica , 51 : 207 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MONK , T. H. , KNAUTH , P. , FOLKARD , S. and RUTENFRANZ , J. 1978 . Memory based performance measures in studies of shiftwork . Ergonomics , 21 : 819 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLANEY , D. J. , KRIPKE , D. F. , FLECK , P. A. and JOHNSON , L. C. 1983 . Sleep loss and nap effects on sustained continuous performance . Psychophysiology , 20 : 643 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURRAY , E. J. 1965 . Sleep, Dreams, and Arousal , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• NAITOH , P. 1983 . Signal detection theory as applied to vigilance performance of sleep-deprived subjects . Sleep , 6 : 359 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAITOH , P and ANGUS , R. G. 1989 . “ Napping and human functioning during prolonged work ” . In Sleep and Alertness: Chronobiological, Behavioral, and Medical Aspects of Napping , Edited by: Dinges , D. F. and Broughton , R. J. 221 – 246 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• NAITOH , P. and TOWNSEND , R. E. 1970 . The role of sleep deprivation in human factors . Human Factors , 12 : 575 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEISSER , U. 1957 . Cognitive Psychology , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON , A. N. , PASCOE , P. A. , ROEHRS , T. , ROTH , T. , SPENCER , M. B. , STONE , B. M. and ZORICK , F. 1985 . Sustained performance with short evening and morning sleeps . Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine , Feb. : 105 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PILCHER , J. J. and HUFFCUTT , A. I. 1996 . Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a metaanalysis . Sleep , 19 : 318 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGERS , A. S. , SPENCER , M. B. , STONE , B. M. and NICHOLSON , A. N. 1989 . The influence of 1-h nap on performance overnight . Ergonomics , 32 : 1193 – 1205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUVANTO , S. , HARMA , M. , ILMARINER , J. and PARTINEN , M. 1983 . Effects of 10 h time zone changes on female flight attendants' circadian rhythms of body temperature, alertness, and visual search . Ergonomics , 36 : 613 – 625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIOLANI , C. , CASAGRANDE , M. , TARANTO , R. , TESTA , P. and DEVOTO , A. 1994 . A visual analog scale questionnaire for measuring activation-deactivation . Journal of Sleep Research , 3 : 268 Suppl.1
   Google Scholar
• WEBB , W. B. 1985a . A further analysis of age and sleep deprivation effects . Psychophysiology , 22 : 156 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBB , W. B. 1958b . Experiments on extended performance: repetition, age and limited sleep periods, Behavior Research Methods . Instruments, & Computers , 17 : 27 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• WEBB , W. B. and LEVY , C. M. 1982 . Age, sleep deprivation, and performance . Psychophysiology , 19 : 272 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBB , W. B. and LEVY , C. M. 1984 . Effects of spaced and repeated total sleep deprivation . Ergonomics , 27 : 45 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. 1961 . Interaction of lack of sleep with knowledge of results, repeated testing, and individual differences . Journal Experimental Psychology , 62 : 263 – 271 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. 1964 . Effects of up to 60 hours sleep deprivation on different types of work . Ergonomics , 7 : 175 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. 1965 . “ Sleep deprivation ” . In The Physiology of Human Survival , Edited by: Edholm , O. G. and Bacharach , A. L. 339 – 430 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. 1968 . “ Sleep deprivation: performance tests for partial and selective sleep deprivation ” . In Progress in Clinical Psychology , Edited by: Abt , L. E. and F Riess , B. Vol. 3 , 28 – 34 . New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. 1969 . Some factors influencing the effect of environmental stresses upon performance . Psychological Bulletin , 72 : 260 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. 1972 . “ Sleep deprivation—Eight questions ” . In Aspects of Human Efficiency , Edited by: Colquhoun , W. P. 25 – 30 . London : English Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• WILKINSON , R. T. and HOUGHTON , D. 1975 . Portable four-choice reaction time test with magnetic tape memory . Behaviour Research Methods and Instruments , 7 : 441 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS , H. L. , LUBIN , A. and GOODNOW , J. J. 1959 . Impaired performance with acute sleep loss . Psychological Monographs , 73 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar