BREATHING CLEAN AIR OR CHEAPLY HEATING YOUR HOME: AN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE DILEMMA IN CHILEAN PATAGONIA

References

• Abdi, H., and L. J. Williams. 2010. Principal Component Analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 24: 433–459.
   Google Scholar
• Adamkiewicz, G., A. R. Zota, M. P. Fabian, T. Chahine, R. Julien, J. D. Spengler, and J. I. Levy. 2011. Moving Environmental Justice Indoors: Understanding Structural Influences on Residential Exposure Patterns in Low-Income Communities. American Journal of Public Health 101 (S1): S238–S245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhullar N., D. W. Hine, A. Marks, C. Davies, J. G. Scott, and W. Phillips. 2014. The Affect Heuristic and Public Support for Three Types of Wood Smoke Mitigation Policies. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 7 (3): 347–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickerstaff K., and G. Walker. 2001. Public Understandings of Air Pollution: The ‘Localisation’ of Environmental Risk. Global Environmental Change 11 (2): 133–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boso, À., T. Ariztía and F. Fonseca. 2017. Usos, Resistencias y Aceptación de Tecnologías Energéticas Emergentes en el Hogar. El Caso de la Política de Recambio de Estufas en Temuco, Chile. Revista Internacional de Sociología 75 (4): 078.
   Google Scholar
• Boso, À., Á. Hofflinger, C. Oltra, B. Alvarez and J. Garrido. 2018. Public Support for Wood-smoke Mitigation Policies in South-central Chile. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 11 (9): 1109–1119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boso, À., J. Garrido, B. Álvarez, C. Oltra, Á. Hofflinger and G. Gálvez. 2020. Narratives of Resistance to Technological Change: Drawing Lessons for Urban Energy Transitions in Southern Chile. Energy Research & Social Science 65: 101473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. D., B. M. Peck, and E. Highfield. 2004. Examining Localized Patterns of Air Quality Perception in Texas: A Spatial and Statistical Analysis. Risk Analysis 24 (6): 1561–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, B. 2003. History and Issues of the Environmental Justice Movement. In Our Backyard: A Quest for Environmental Justice, edited by G. R. Visgilio and D. M. Whitelaw, 3–24. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. D. 1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, R., H. Chen, M. Szyszkowicz, N. Fann, B. Hubbell, C.A. Pope, J.S. Apte, M. Brauer, A. Cohen, S. Weichenthal and J. Coggin. 2018. Global Estimates of Mortality Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(38): 9592– 9597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzelli M., and M. Jerrett. 2007. Geographies of Susceptibility and Exposure in the City: Environmental Inequity of Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Regional Science 30 (2): 195–210.
   Google Scholar
• Casen. 2017. Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional. http://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/casen-multidimensional/casen/casen_2017.php.
   Google Scholar
• Censo. 2017. Censo de Población y Vivienda. https://www.censo2017.cl/.
   Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, J., T. Collins, and S. E. Grineski. 2016. Environmental Justice Research: Contemporary Issues and Emerging Topics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 (11): 1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, J., T. Collins, S. Grineski, and A. Maldonado. 2017. Racial Differences in Perceptions of Air Pollution Health Risk: Does Environmental Exposure Matter? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (2): 116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen A. J., B. Ostro, M. Krzyzanowski, K. Gutschmidt, I. Romieu, and K. Smith. 2005. The Global Burden of Disease Due to Outdoor Air Pollution. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 68 (13–14): 1301–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S., B. Boruff, and L. Shirley. 2003. Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Social Science Quarterly 84 (2): 242–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguen, S., C. Ségala, G. Pédrono, and M. Mesbah. 2012. A New Air Quality Perception Scale for Global Assessment of Air Pollution Health Effects. Risk Analysis 32 (12): 2043–2054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dons, E., M. Laeremans, E. Anaya, I. Avila, C. Brand, A. de Nazelle, M. Gaupp, T. Götschi, M. Nieuwenhuijsen, J. P. Orjuela, E. Raser, A. Standaert and L. Int Panis. 2018. Concern Over Health Effects of Air Pollution is Associated to NO2 in Seven European Cities. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 11 (5): 591–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA [Environmental Protection Agency of the United States]. 2016. National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table.
   Google Scholar
• Fekete, A. 2011. Spatial Disaster Vulnerability and Risk Assessments: Challenges in Their Quality and Acceptance. Natural Hazards 61 (3): 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9973-7.
   Google Scholar
• Grineski, S. E., T. W. Collins, and J. Chakraborty. 2013. Hispanic Heterogeneity and Environmental Injustice: Intra-Ethnic Patterns of Exposure to Cancer Risks from Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Miami. Population and Environment 35 (1): 26–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, M., T. W. Collins, and S. E. Grineski. 2015. Immigration, Mobility, and Environmental Injustice: A Comparative Study of Hispanic People’s Residential Decision-making and Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants in Greater Houston, Texas. Geoforum, 60: 83–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofflinger, Á., À. Boso and C. Oltra. 2019. The Home Halo Effect: how Air Quality Perception is Influenced by Place Attachment. Human Ecology 47 (4):589–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofflinger, Á., M. A. Somos-Valenzuela and A. Vallejos-Romero. 2019b. Response time to flood events using a social vulnerability index (ReTSVI). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 251–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holifield, R., J. Chakraborty, and G. Walker, eds. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Howel, D., S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, and H. Prince. 2003. Public Views on the Links between Air Pollution and Health in Northeast England. Environmental Research 91 (3): 163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L., C. Rao, T. J. van der Kuijp, J. Bi, and Y. Liu. 2017. A Comparison of Individual Exposure, Perception, and Acceptable Levels of PM2.5 with Air Pollution Policy Objectives in China. Environmental Research 157: 78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INE [Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas]. 2016. Informe Anual Medio Ambiente. https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/publicaciones/2016/medio_ambiente_2016.pdf?sfvrsn=6.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. 2002. Gender and Race in Beliefs about Outdoor Air Pollution. Risk Analysis 22 (4): 725–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalloué, B., J. Monnez, C. Padilla, W. Kihal, N. Le Meur, and D. Zmirou-Navier. 2013. A Statistical Procedure to Create a Neighborhood Socioeconomic Index for Health Inequalities Analysis. International Journal for Equity in Health 12 (1): 21.
   Google Scholar
• Mirabelli, M., T. Boehmer, S. Damon, K. Sircar, H. Wall, F. Yip, H. Zahran, and P. Garbe. 2018. Air Quality Awareness among Us Adults with Respiratory and Heart Disease. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54 (4): 679–687.
   Google Scholar
• MMA [Ministerio del Medio Ambiente]. 2016. Estado de Calidad del Aire por Regiones del País y Zonas de Interés para Alertas Sanitarias. Seguimiento Norma MP2.5, Decreto N°12 del MMA. http://alertas.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Resumen_Calidad_del_Aire_JUNIO_2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Jimenez, A., R. Cañada, M. J. Vidal, A. Palacios, and P. Martínez. 2016. Assessing Environmental Justice through Potential Exposure to Air Pollution: A Socio-Spatial Analysis in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain. Geoforum 69: 117–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeher, L. P., M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, J. T. Zelikoff, C. D. Simpson, J. Q. Koenig, and K. R. Smith. 2007. Woodsmoke Health Effects: A Review. Inhalation Toxicology 19 (1): 67–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltra, C., R. Sala, À. Boso, and S. L. Asensio. 2017. Public Engagement on Urban Air Pollution: An Exploratory Study of Two Interventions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189 (6): 189, 296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prieto-Flores, M., A. Moreno, D. Gómez, R. Cañada, and P. Martínez. 2017. Contaminación del Aire, Mortalidad Cardiovascular y Grupos Vulnerables en Madrid: Un Estudio Exploratorio desde la Perspectiva de la Justicia Ambiental. Sripta Nova 21 (559): 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, I., J. Scott, D. W. Hine, and N. Bhullar. 2013. “This is Not a Burning Issue for Me”: How Citizens Justify Their Use of Wood Heaters in a City with a Severe Air Pollution Problem. Energy Policy 57: 204–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RENAM [Red Nacional de Monitoreo]. 2019. Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Gobierno de Chile. http://renam.cl/site/.
   Google Scholar
• Reyes, R., A. Schueftan, C. Ruiz, and A. D. González. 2019. Controlling Air Pollution in a Context of High Energy Poverty Levels in Southern Chile: Clean Air but Colder Houses? Energy Policy 124: 301–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Lankao, P., H. Qin, and M. Borbor-Cordova. 2013. Exploration of Health Risks Related to Air Pollution and Temperature in Three Latin American Cities. Social Science & Medicine 83: 110–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rygel, L., O’ Sullivan, D., and Yarnal, B. 2006. A Method for Constructing a Social Vulnerability Index: An Application to Hurricane Storm Surges in a Developed Country. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (3): 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-0265-6.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidtlein, M., R. Deutsch, W. Piegorsch, and S. Cutter. 2008. A Sensitivity Analysis of the Social Vulnerability Index. Risk Analysis 28 (4): 1099–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., and G. Cvetkovich. 2000. Perception of Hazards: The Role of Social Trust and Knowledge. Risk Analysis 20 (5): 713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urquiza, A., C. Amigo, M. Billi, R. Calvo, J. Labraña, T. Oyarzún, and F. Valencia. 2019. Quality as a Hidden Dimension of Energy Poverty in Middle-development Countries. Literature Review and Case Study from Chile. Energy and Buildings 204: 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vásquez, A., M. Lukas, M. Salgado, and J. Mayorga. 2017. Urban Environmental (In)Justice in Latin America: The Case of Chile. In The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice, edited by R. Holifield, J. Chakraborty and W. Gordon, pp. 556–566. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G. 2012. Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• WHO [World Health Organization]. 1987. Health Impact of Low Indoor Temperatures. Report on a WHO meeting. Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2005. Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide Global Update 2005. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69477.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2018. WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database. https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/.
   Google Scholar