Climate change and coastal policy: the need to address erosion-flooding interactions for effective coastal risk management

References

• Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury, A. P. and Orford, J. D. (2007) ‘Influence of changing management regimes on the morphodynamic response of a mixed gravel and sand barrier beach’ in Kraus, N. C. and Rosati, J. D. (eds) Coastal Sediments ’07. Reston, VA: ASCE Press, pp. 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. (2017) ‘Coastal resilience and vulnerability: storm impacts, extreme weather and regional variability in the UK, winter 2013–14’, Geography, 102, 2, pp. 60–70.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. M. and Spencer, T. (2012) ‘Shoreline retreat and sediment release in response to accelerating sea level rise: measuring and modelling cliffline dynamics on the Suffolk Coast, UK’, Global and Planetary Change, 80–81, pp. 165–79. https://doi.org/10.1016Xj.gloplacha.2011.10.008
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. M., Spencer, T. and Christie, E. K. (2017) ‘Storm impacts and shoreline recovery: mechanisms and controls in the southern North Sea’, Geomorphology, 283, pp. 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1016Xj.geomorph.2017.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruun, P. (1962) ‘Sea-level rise as cause of shore erosion’, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, 88, 1, pp. 117–32.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, K., Jay, H., Nicholls, R. J., Green, C. and Penning-Rowsell, E. C. (2007) ‘Assessment of future coastal erosion risk’ in Thorne, C., Green, C. and Penning-Rowsell, E. (eds) Future Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risks. London: Thomas Telford, pp. 280–93.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Climate Change (2018) Managing the Coast in a Changing Climate. London: Committee on Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, R. J., Dickson, M. E., Nicholls, R. J., Hall, J. W., Walkden, M. J. A., Stansby, P. K., Mokrech, M., Richards, J., Zhou, J., Milligan, J., Jordan, A., Pearson, S., Rees, J., Bates, P. D., Koukoulas, S. and Watkinson, A. R. (2009) ‘Integrated analysis of risks of coastal flooding and cliff erosion under scenarios of long term change’, Climatic Change, 95, 1–2, pp. 249–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9532-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environment Agency (2010) Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Appraisal Guidance. Bristol: Environment Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Grilli, A., Spaulding, M. L., Oakley, B. A. and Damon, C. (2017) ‘Mapping the coastal risk for the next century, including sea level rise and changes in the coastline: application to Charlestown RI, USA’, Natural Hazards, 88, 1, pp. 389–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2871-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. J. and Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013) ‘Future flood losses in major coastal cities’, Nature Climate Change, 3, 9, pp. 802–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdgate, M. W. (1979) A Perspective of Environmental Pollution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horsburgh, K. and Lowe, J. (2013) ‘Impacts of climate change on sea level’, MCCIP Science Review, pp. 27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Horton, B. P., Shennan, I., Bradley, S. L., Cahill, N., Kirwan, M., Kopp, R. E. and Shaw, T. A. (2018) ‘Predicting marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise using Holocene relative sea-level data’, Nature Communications, 9, article 2687. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05080-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC (2014) ‘Summary for policymakers’ in Field, C. B., Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W. and Christ, R. (eds) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Jevrejeva, S., Jackson, L. P., Grinsted, A., Lincke, D. and Marzeion, B. (2018) ‘Flood damage costs under the sea level rise with warming of 1.5°C and 2°C’, Environmental Research Letters, 13, 7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacc76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leatherman, S. P. (1990) ‘Modelling shore response to sea-level rise on sedimentary coasts’, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 14, 4, pp. 447–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400402
   Google Scholar
• List, J. H., Farris, A. S. and Sullivan, C. (2006) ‘Reversing storm hotspots on sandy beaches: spatial and temporal characteristics’, Marine Geology, 226, 3, pp. 261–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masselink, G., Castelle, B., Scott, T., Dodet, G., Suanez, S., Jackson, D. and Floc, F. (2016) ‘Extreme wave activity during 2013/2014 winter and morphological impacts along the Atlantic coast of Europe’, Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 5, pp. 2135–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pōrtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J. B. R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M.I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M. and Waterfield, T. (2018) Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Switzerland: IPCC.
   Google Scholar
• McGranahan, G., Balk, D. and Anderson, B. (2007) ‘The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones’, Environment and Urbanization, 19, 1, pp. 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956247807076960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan, S., Nicholls, R. J., Clarke, D., Hanson, S., Reeve, D., Horrillo-Caraballo, J., le Cozannet, G., Hissel, F., Kowalska, B., Parda, R., Willems, P., Ohle, N., Zanuttigh, B., Losada, I., Ge, J., Trifonova, E., Penning-Rowsell, E. and Vanderlinden, J. P. (2014) ‘The SPR systems model as a conceptual foundation for rapid integrated risk appraisals: lessons from Europe’, Coastal Engineering, 87, pp. 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxoastaleng.2013.10.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, R. (1996) ‘Taking to the water: some examples of OS mapping of the coast’, Sheetlines, 45, pp. 9–26.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, F. E. L. (2016) ‘Extreme events: the art of attribution’, Nature Climate Change, 6, pp. 342–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard, J. A., Spencer, T. and Brooks, S. M. (2018) ‘The interactive relationship between coastal erosion and flood risk’, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133318794498
   Google Scholar
• Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Corell, R. W., Fabry, V. J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P. and Foley, J. A. (2009) ‘A safe operating space for humanity’, Nature, 461, pp. 472–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayers, P. B., Hall, J. W. and Meadowcroft, I. C. (2002) ‘Towards risk-based flood hazard management in the UK’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering, 150, 5, pp. 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.2002.150.5.36
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, R. K. (1975) Nature and Genesis of Some Storm Washover Deposits. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, T., Brooks, S. M., Evans, B. R., Tempest, J. A. and Mōller, I. (2015) ‘Southern North Sea storm surge event of 5 December 2013: water levels, waves and coastal impacts’, Earth-Science Reviews, 146, pp. 120–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott, P. (2016) ‘How climate change affects extreme weather events’, Science, 352, 6293, pp. 1517–18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter, J. R., Nummedal, D., Maynard, A. K. and Kemp, P. (1982) ‘A process-response model for hurricane washovers’, Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 18, pp. 1459–78.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl, T., Haigh, I. D., Woodworth, P. L., Albrecht, F., Dillingh, D., Jensen, J., Nicholls, R. J., Weisse, R. and Wöppelmann, G. (2013) ‘Observed mean sea level changes around the North Sea coastline from 1800 to present’, Earth-Science Reviews, 124, pp. 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum (2018) The Global Risks Report 2018 (13th edition). Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum (2019) The Global Risks Report 2019 (14th edition). Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K., Douglas, B. C. and Leatherman, S. P. (2004) ‘Global warming and coastal erosion’, Climatic Change, 64, 1–2, pp. 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000024690.32682.48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar