436
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Ingestion of Earth materials for health by humans and animals

Pages 726-744 | Accepted 18 Jan 2010, Published online: 19 Mar 2010

References

  • Abrahams , P. 2005 . “ Geophagy and the involuntary ingestion of soil ” . In Essentials of medical geology , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J.A. , Finkelman , R.B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 435 – 458 . Burlington, MA : Elsevier Academic Press .
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007, Lead toxicity http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/pb_standards2.html
  • Agricola , G. 1546 , Bandy , M.C. and Bandy , J. trans . 1955 . De Natura Fossillium , 240 New York : The Geological Society of America .
  • American Veterinarian Medical Association, 2003, Change of Kaopectate formula http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/nov03/031115b.asp
  • Armbruster , T. 2001 . “ Clinoptilolite-Heulandite: Applications and basic research ” . In Zeolites and mesoporous materials at the dawn of the 21st century , Edited by: Galarnau , A. , Di Renzo , F. , Faujula , F. and Vedrine , J. 13 – 27 . New York : Elsevier Science B.V. .
  • Bateson , E.M. and Lebroy , T. 1978 . Clay eating by Aboriginals of the Northern Territory . The Medical Journal of Australia , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 3 .
  • Bell, T., Campbell, S., Liverman, D.G.E., Allison, D., and Sylvester, P., 2010, Environmental and potential human health legacies of non-industrial sources of lead in a Canadian urban landscape – the case study of St John's, Newfoundland: International Geology Review, v. 52, p. 771–800.
  • Bergaya , F. , Theng , B.K.G. and Lagaly , G. , eds. 2006 . Handbook of clay science , 1224 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
  • Berkenstadt , H. , Marganitt , B. and Atsmon , J. 1991 . Fuller's earth for wartime decontamination in Israel . Israel Journal of Medical Sciences , 27 ( 11–12 ) : 623 – 626 .
  • Chadda , K.D. 1986 . Clinical hypomagnesemia, coronary spasm and cardiac arrhythmia . Magnesium , 5 ( 1 ) : 47 – 52 .
  • Chomchai , C. and Tiawilai , A. 2007 . Fetal poisoning after maternal paraquat ingestion during third trimester of pregnancy: Case report and literature review . Official Journal of the American College Of Medical Toxicology , 3 ( 4 ) : 182 – 186 .
  • Cubillos, A., 2008, Dirt eating in Haiti: MSNBC http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22902512/
  • Drucker , M.M. , Goldhar , J. , Ogra , P.L. and Neter , E. 1977 . The effect of Attapulgite and charcoal on enterotoxicity of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbits . Infection , 5 ( 4 ) : 211 – 213 .
  • Dyer , M.D. , Gunter , M.E. and Tasa , D. 2008 . Mineralogy and optical mineralogy , Chantilly, VA : Mineralogical Society of America .
  • Eaton , D.L. and Groopman , J.D. 1994 . The toxicology of aflatoxins , 383 – 426 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Engel , C. 2002 . Wild health, how animals keep themselves well and what we can learn from them , 276 Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Ferrell , R.E. 2008 . Medicinal clay and spiritual healing . Clays and clay minerals , 56 ( 6 ) : 750 – 760 .
  • Flannery , M. 2004 . Civil war pharmacy , 358 Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2000, Calcium sulfate as diluent in the drug Mobanaccessed http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2001/17938s22lbl.PDF (Accessed: 28 March 2008 ).
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2003, Antidiarrheal drug products for over-the-counter human use; Final monograph http://www.fda.gov/cder/otcmonographs/Antidiarrheal/antidiarrheal_FM_20030417.htm
  • Foster, R, and Smith, M., 1997–2009, Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol): Pet education www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?articleid=1456
  • Fulle, M., 2008, Salt caravans http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/erta/salt-caravan-2008-en.html
  • Gaines , R.V. , Skinner , H.C.W. , Ford , E.E. , Mason , B. and Rosensweig , A. 1997 . Dana's new mineralogy , New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc .
  • Garcia-Ruiz , J.M. , Villasuso , R. , Ayora , C. , Canals , A. and Otalora , F. 2007 . Formation of natural gypsum megacrystals in Naica, Mexico . Geology , 35 ( 4 ) : 327 – 330 .
  • Gebesh , V.V. , Ianchenko , V.I. and Iu.A , Sukhov . 1999 . Kaopektat v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh kishechnymi infektsiiami [Kaopectate in the combined treatment of patients with intestinal infections] . Likars'ka Sprava/Ministerstvo Okhorony Zdorov'ia Ukraïny [Lik Sprava] , 3 : 140 – 142 .
  • Glanz, J., and Grady, D., 2007, Cholera outbreak in Iraq: The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/world/middleeast/12iraq.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
  • Gomes , C. and Silva , J. 2006 . “ Minerals and human health, benefits and risks ” . 140 Santiago, Portugal : Multiponto .
  • Goodall , J. 2005 . Harvest of hope: A guide to mindful eating , 24 – 25 . New York : Warner Books .
  • Green, M., and Silberman, K., 2000, Children's Kaopectate and similar medicines expose kids and adults to high levels of lead: Suit filed today to stop toxic exposure: Center for Environmental Health http://www.cehca.org/pr030101_kao.htm
  • Idid , S.Z. and Lee , C.Y. 1996 . Effects of fuller's earth and activated charcoal on oral absorption of paraquat in rabbits . Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology , 23 ( 8 ) : 679 – 681 .
  • Johns , T. and Duquette , M. 1991 . Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 53 ( 2 ) : 448 – 456 .
  • Just , A. 1896 . “ Kehrt zur Natur zurück! Die naturgemäße Lebensweise als einziges Mittel zur Heilung aller Krankheiten und Leiden des Leibes, des Geistes und der Seele ” . Friedrichsdorf, Germany : Heilerde-Gesellschaft Luvos Just GmbH & Co. KG .
  • Katsoulos , P.D. , Panousis , N. , Roubies , N. , Christaki , E. , Arsenos , G. and Karatzias , H. 2006 . Effects of long-term feeding of a diet supplemented with clinoptilolite to dairy cows on the incidence of ketosis, milk yield, and liver function . The Veterinary Record , 159 ( 13 ) : 415 – 418 .
  • Kim-Jung, L., Holquist, C., and Phillips, J., 2004, Kaopectate reformulation and upcoming labeling changes: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/mederrors/Kaopectate.pdf
  • Klein , S. 2003 . “ Wie Franz Kafka am Nordrand des Harzes seine Schreibkriese ueberwandte ” . 3 Geschichte, Wannsee,Germany
  • Knishinsky , R. 1998 . The clay cure , 104 Rochester, VT : The Healing Arts Press .
  • Laidlaw , M.A.S. and Filippelli , G.M. 2008 . Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children: A review and new directions . Applied Geochemistry , 23 : 2021 – 2039 .
  • Lam , R. , Chen , M. , Pierstorff , E. , Huang , H. , Osawa , E. and Ho , D. 2008 . Nanodiamond-embedded microfilm devices for localized chemotherapeutic elution . ACS Nano , 2 ( 10 ) : 2095 – 2102 .
  • Lev, E., 2010, Healing with minerals and inorganic substances: a review of Levantine practice from the Middle Ages to the present: International Geology Review, v. 52, p. 700–725.
  • Limpitlaw , U. 2006 . “ Palliative and curative Earth materials [master's thesis] ” . 384 School of Natural and Earth Sciences, University of Northern Colorado .
  • Lueschen , H. 1979 . Die Namen der Steine , 383 Thun, Switzerland : Ott Verlag .
  • Luoba , A. , Geissler , P.W. , Estambale , B. , Ouma , J.H. , Alusala , D. , Ayah , R. , Mwaniki , D. and Friis , H. 2004 . Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya . Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 98 ( 12 ) : 734 – 741 .
  • Mahaney , W.C. and Krishnamani , R. 2003 . Understanding geophagy in animals: Standard procedures for sampling soils . Journal of Chemical Ecology , 29 ( 7 ) : 1503 – 1523 .
  • Mahaney , W.C. , Stambolic , A. , Knezevich , M. , Hancock , R.G.V. , Aufreiter , S. , Sanmugadas , K. , Kessler , M.J. and Grynpas , M.D. 1995 . Geophagy amongst rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico . Primates , 36 ( 3 ) : 323 – 333 .
  • Mahaney , W.C. , Watts , D.P. and Hancock , R.G.V. 1990 . Geophagia by mountain gorillas . Primates , 31 ( 1 ) : 113 – 120 .
  • Mason , B. 1966 . Principles of geochemistry , third , 346 New York : John Wiley Inc. .
  • Mayo Clinic drug information, 2008, Kaopectate for children, bismuth subsalicylate (oral route) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR601893
  • Nchito , M. , Geissler , P.W. , Friis , H. and Olsen , A. 2004 . Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: A two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 98 ( 4 ) : 218 – 227 .
  • Nesse , W. 2000 . Introduction to mineralogy , 464 New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Osman , N.A. , Abdelgadir , A.M. , Moss , M.O. and Bener , A. 1999 . Aflatoxin contamination of rice in the United Arab Emirates . Mycotoxin Research , 15 ( 1 ) : 39 – 44 .
  • Pajoumand , A. , Shadnia , S. , Rezaie , A. , Abdi , M. and Abdollahi , M. 2004 . Benefits of magnesium sulfate in the management of acute human poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides . Human & Experimental Toxicology , 23 ( 12 ) : 565 – 569 .
  • Pristiazhniuk , I.E. and Gorchakov , V.N. 1997 . Changes in the lymph nodes of rats under the influence of natural sorbents in damaging exposure to carbophos . Morfologiia , 112 ( 4 ) : 54 – 56 .
  • Ramsden , E. 2001 . Chemistry , third , 11 Cheltenham : Stanley Thornes .
  • Reid , R.M. 1992 . Cultural and medical perspectives on geophagia . Medical Anthropology , 13 ( 4 ) : 337 – 351 .
  • Reinbacher, W.R., 2003, Healing earths: The third leg of medicine: 1stBooks, 244 p. www.1stbooks.com
  • Robertson , R.H.S. 1986 . Fuller's earth: A history of calcium montmorillonite , 421 Dunmore, , Scotland : Volturna Press .
  • Sandoval , A. 1998 . Homegrown healing , 180 New York : Berkley Publishing Group .
  • Shacklette , H.T. and Boerngen , J.G. 1984 . “ USGS (United States Geological Survey) professional paper 1270 ” . Element concentration in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States .
  • Shanahan, J.F., Brown, W.M., and Blunt, T.D., 2003, Aflatoxins: Colorado State University Cooperative Extension – Agriculture, pamphlet no. 0.306 http://www.ext.colostate.edu/Pubs/crops/00306.html
  • State of California . 26 June 2003 . Department of Justice, Attorney General , 26 June , News Release : Attorney General Lockeyer Announces Approval of Settlement in Major Lead Contamination Case .
  • Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary . 1985 . “ Philadelphia ” . 2207 F.A. Davis Company .
  • Terra Daily, February 2008, Cholera outbreak in Mozambique http://www.terradaily.com/reports/72_dead_as_cholera_follows_floods_in_Mozambique_999.html
  • The Salt Institute, Arlington, VA . 2007 . Various brochures and flyers
  • Tsai , W.T. and Lai , C.W. 2006 . Adsorption of herbicide paraquat by clay mineral regenerated from spent bleaching earth . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 134 ( 1–3 ) : 144 – 148 .
  • Uehlecke , B. 2005 . “ Luvos Heilerde ein Bewaehrtes Naturheilmittel im Blick neuer Forschung (special edition) ” . In Abteilung Naturheilkunde der Charité, Naturheilkunde Journal , 4 Wannsee, , Germany : Universitaetsmedizin Berlin .
  • Underwood , E.J. and Suttle , N.F. 1999 . The mineral nutrition of livestock , 185 – 212 . New York : CABI .
  • USDA, United States Food and Drug Administration . 2001 . National nutrient database for standard references Release 21. Composition of foods, raw, processed, prepared. NDB No. 16426, NBD No. 16160
  • Vermeer , D.E. and Ferrell , R.E. 1985 . Nigerian geophagical clay: A traditional antidiarrheal pharmaceutical . Science , 227 : 634
  • Vologzhanina , L.G. and Vladimirskii , E.V. 2005 . [Efficacy of the drinking magnesium–calcium sulfate mineral water in the combined treatment of duodenal ulcer comorbid with gastroesophageal reflux] , 17 – 19 . Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii : I Lechebnoi Fizicheskoi Kultury .
  • Wang , J.S. 2005 . Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans . Food Additives Contamination , 22 ( 3 ) : 270 – 279 .
  • Wilks , M.F. , Fernando , R. , Ariyananda , P.L. , Eddleston , M. , Berry , D.J. , Tomenson , J.A. , Buckley , N.A. , Jayamanne , S. , Gunnell , D. and Dawson , A. 2008 . Improvement in survival after paraquat ingestion following introduction of a new formulation in Sri Lanka . PLoS Medicine , 5 ( 2 ) : e49
  • Williams, L.B., and Haydel, S.H., 2010, Evaluation of the medicinal use of clay minerals as antibacterial agents: International Geology Review, v. 52, p. 745–770.
  • World Health Organization . 1993 . IPCS news, Newsletter of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, Poisoning by pesticides issue 3
  • World Health Organization, 2006, Fact sheets on chemical warfare agents – Decontamination of chemical warfare (CW) agents, p. 4 http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section23/Section1001/Section1471_6013.htm
  • World Health Organization, 2008, Information on specific poisons http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/training_poisons/management_of_poisoning/en/index3.html
  • Wyllie , T.D. and Morchause , L.G. 1978 . Mycotoxin fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses – An encyclopedic handbook , Vol. 1–3 , New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.