291
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Dating of detrital zircons from the Dabure clastic rocks: the discovery of Neoproterozoic strata in southern Qiangtang, Tibet

, &
Pages 216-227 | Received 01 Apr 2015, Accepted 19 Jun 2015, Published online: 10 Jul 2015

References

  • Allégre, C.J., Courtillot, V., Tapponnier, P., Hirn, A., Mattauer, M., Coulon, C., Jaeger, J.J., Achache, J., Schärer, U., Marcoux, J., Burg, J.P., Girardeau, J., Armijo, R., Gariépy, C., Göpel, C., Tindong, L., Xuchang, X., Chenfa, C., Guangqin, L., Baoyu, L., Jiwen, T., Naiwen, W., Guoming, C., Tonglin, H., Xibin, W., Wanming, D., Huaibin, S., Yougong, C., Ji, Z., Hongrong, Q., Peisheng, B., Songchan, W., Bixiang, W., Yaoxiu, Z., and Xu, R., 1984, Structure and evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet orogenic belt: Nature, v. 307, p. 17–22. doi:10.1038/307017a0
  • Argles, T.W., Prince, C.I., Foster, G.L., and Vance, D., 1999, New garnets for old? Cautionary tales from young mountain belts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 172, p. 301–309. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00209-5
  • Bao, P.S., Xiao, X.C., Wang, J., Li, C., and Hu, K., 1999, Blue schist belt of Shuanghu area in Center-Northern Xizang (Tibet) and its tectonic implications: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 73, no. 4, p. 302–314. [in Chinese with English abstract].
  • Belousova, E.A., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., and Fisher, N.I., 2002, Igneous zircon: Trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 143, p. 602–622. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0364-7
  • Bouma, A.H., 1962, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p.
  • Burchfiel, B.C., Zhiliang, C., Yupinc, L., and Royden, L.H., 1995, Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions, central China: International Geology Review, v. 37, p. 661–735. doi:10.1080/00206819509465424
  • Cao, R.G., and Lu, R.F., 1991, The discovery of the trace fossils from Gongyanghe Group in western Yunnan: Journal of Stratigraphy, v. 15, p. 60–62.
  • Chen, L., Xu, J., and Su, L., 2005, Characteristics of microspectrofluorimeter at STEM and its geological applications on zircon study: Natural Science Evolvement, v. 15, p. 1403–1408. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Corfu, F., Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W.O., and Kinny, P., 2003, Atlas of zircon textures: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 53, p. 469–500. doi:10.2113/0530469
  • Deng, X.G., Ding, L., and Liu, X.H., 2000, Discovery of blueschists in Gangmari Taoxing Co area, central Qiangtang, Northern Tibet: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 35, p. 227–232. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Dewey, J.F., Cande, F.S., and Pitman, W.C., 1989, Tectonic evolution of the India/Eurasia collision zone: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 82, p. 717–734.
  • Dewey, J.F., Shackleton, R.M., Chang, C.F., and Yiyin, S., 1988, The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 327, p. 379–413. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0135
  • Dong, C.Y., Li, C., Wan, Y.S., Wang, W., Wu, Y.W., Jie, W.Q., and Liu, D.Y., 2011, Detrital zircon age model of Ordovician Wenquan quartzite south of Lungmuco – Shuanghu Suture in the Qiangtang area, Tibet: Constraint on tectonic affinity and source regions: Science China Earth Sciences, v. 41, p. 299–308.
  • Dong, X., Zhang, Z.M., Liu, F., Wang, W., Yu, F., Lin, Y.H., Jiang, H.Y., and He, Z.Y., 2012, Genesis of the metamorphic rock from southeastern Lhasa terrane and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic orogenesis: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 28, p. 1765–1784.
  • Dong, Y.S., and Li, C., 2009, Discovery of eclogite in the Guoganjianian Mountain, Central Qiangtang area, Northern Tibet, China: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 28, p. 1197–1200. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Fan, J.-J., Li, C., Wang, M., Xie, C.-M., and Xu, W., 2014, Features, provenance, and tectonic significance of Carboniferous-Permian glacial marine diamictites in the Southern Qiangtang–Baoshan block, Tibetan Plateau: Gondwana Research, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.015
  • Gansser, A., 1964, Geology of the Himalayas: London, Interscience Publishers.
  • Gehrels, G., Kapp, P., DeCelles, P., Pullen, A., Blakey, R., Weislogel, A., Ding, L., Guynn, J., Martin, A., McQuarrie, N., and Yin, A., 2011, Detrital zircon geochronology of pre–Tertiary strata in the Tibetan-Himalayan orogeny: Tectonics, v. 30, p. TC5016. doi:10.1029/2011TC002868
  • Gu, P.Y., Li, R.S., He, S.P., Cha, X.F., Yu, P.S., Shi, C., Pan, S.J., and Wang, Y., 2012, The amphibolite from Nyainrong Rock Group in northern Nagqu: Geological records of break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia: Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica, v. 31, p. 145–154.
  • Guynn, J.H., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G., and Ding, L., 2012, U–Pb geochronology of basement rocks in central Tibet and paleogeographic implications: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 23–50. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.003
  • Harris, N.B.W., Holland, T.J.B., and Tindle, A.G., 1988a, Metamorphic Rocks of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 327, p. 203–213. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0126
  • Harris, N.B.W., Ronghua, X., Lewis, C.L., Hawkesworth, C.J., and Yuquan, Z., 1988b, Isotope geochemistry of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 327, p. 263–285. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0129
  • Hening, A., 1915, Eur petrographic and geologie von Sudwest Tibet. MHedin S. Southern Tibet: Stockholm, Noratet, 220 p.
  • Hoskin, P.W., and Schaltegger, U., 2003, The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 53, p. 27–62. doi:10.2113/0530027
  • Hsü, K.J., Guitang, P., and Sengör, A.M.C., 1995, Tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: A working hypothesis based on the archipelago model of orogenesis: International Geology Review, v. 37, p. 473–508. doi:10.1080/00206819509465414
  • Hu, D.G., Wu, Z.H., Jiang, W., Shi, Y.R., Ye, P.S., and Liu, Q.S., 2005, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age and Nd isotopic study on the Nyainqentanglha Group in Tibet: Science in China (Series D), v. 48, p. 1377–1386.
  • Hu, P.Y., Li, C., Li, L.Q., Xie, C.M., and Wu, Y.W., 2009, Geochemical characteristics of early Palaeozoic plagioclase granite from ophiolitic cumulate in central Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 28, p. 1297–1308. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Hu, P.Y., Li, C., Su, L., Li, C.B., and Yu, H., 2010, Zircon U–Pb dating of granitic gneiss in Wugong mountain area, central Qiangtang, Qinghai-Tibet plateau: Age records of Pan-African movement and Indo-China movement: Geology in China, v. 37, p. 1051–1061. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Hu, P.Y., Li, C., Wu, Y.W., Xie, C.M., Wang, M., and Li, J., 2014, Opening of the Longmu Co-Shuanghu-Lancangjiang ocean: Constraints from plagiogranites: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 59, p. 3188–3199. doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0434-z
  • Jixiang, Y., Juntao, X., Chengjie, L., and Huan, L., 1988, The Tibetan plateau: Regional stratigraphic context and previous work: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 327, p. 5–52. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0121
  • Kapp, P., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., Harrison, T.M., Taylor, M.H., and Ding, L., 2003, Tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic blueschist-bearing Qiangtang metamorphic belt, central Tibet: Tectonics, v. 22, p. 17–44. doi:10.1029/2002TC001383
  • Kapp, P., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., Murphy, M., Harrison, T.M., Spurlin, M., Lin, D., Deng, X.G., and Wu, C.M., 2000, Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet: Geology, v. 28, p. 19–22.
  • Lee, J., and Whitehouse, M.J., 2007, Onset of mid-crustal extensional flow in southern Tibet: Evidence from U–Pb zircon ages: Geology, v. 35, p. 45–48.
  • Li, C., Cheng, L.R., Hu, K., and Hong, Y.R., 1995a, Ice-sea mix-conglomerates and their genesis in the southern area of Qiangtang, Tibet: Journal of Changchun University of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 368–374. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Li, C., Cheng, L.R., Hu, K., Yang, Z.R., and Hong, Y.R., 1995b, Study on the Paleo-Tethys suture zone of Longmu Co-Shuanghu: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, p. 45–78.
  • Li, C., Dong, Y.S., Zhai, Q.G., Wang, L.Q., Yan, Q.R., Wu, Y.W., and He, T.T., 2008a, Discovery of Eopaleozoic ophiolite in the Qiangtang of Tibet plateau: Evidence from SHRIMP U–Pb dating and its tectonic implications: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 24, p. 31–36. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Li, C., He, Z.H., and Li, H.M., 2004, U-Pb and Sm-Nd dating of mafic dike swarms in southern Qiangtang,Qinghai-Tibet pleatau and its tectonic significance: Geology in China, v. 31, p. 384–389. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Li, C., Xie, Y.W., Sha, S.L., and Dong, Y.S., 2008b, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of the Pan-African granite in Baxoi County, eastern Tibet, China: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 27, p. 64–68. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Li, C., Zhai, Q.G., Dong, Y.S., and Huang, X.P., 2006, Discovery of eclogite and its geological significance in Qiangtang area, central Tibet: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 51, p. 1095–1100. doi:10.1007/s11434-006-1095-3
  • Li, C., and Zheng, A., 1993, Paleozoic stratigraphy in the Qiangtang region of Tibet: Relations of the Gondwana and Yangtze continents and ocean closure near the end of the Carboniferous: International Geology Review, v. 35, p. 797–804. doi:10.1080/00206819309465558
  • Ludwig, K.R., 2003, User’s manual for Isoplot 3.00: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel: Special Publication, Berkeley, Berkeley Geochronology Center, v. 4, p. 1–70.
  • Maluski, H., Matte, P., Brunel, M., and Xiao, X., 1988, Argon 39-argon 40 dating of metamorphic and plutonic events in the north and high Himalaya belts (southern Tibet-China): Tectonics, v. 7, p. 299–326. doi:10.1029/TC007i002p00299
  • Metcalfe, I., 2002, Permian tectonic framework and palaeogeography of SE Asia: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 551–566. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00022-6
  • Mu, E.Z., Yin, J.X., Wen, S.X., Wang, Y.G., and Zhang, B.G., 1973, Stratigraphy of the mount jolma lungma region in southern Tibet, China: Scientia Geological Sinica, v. 2, p. 13–25.
  • Pan, X.P., Li, R.S., Wang, C., Yu, P.S., Gu, P.Y., and Zha, X.F., 2012, Geochemical characteristics of the Cambrian volcanic rocks in Banglecun area on the northern margin of Gangdise, Nyima County, Tibet: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 31, p. 63–74.
  • Pecher, A., 1989, The metamorphism in the central Himalaya: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 7, p. 31–41. doi:10.1111/jmg.1989.7.issue-1
  • Pognante, U., Castelli, D., Benna, P., Genovese, G., Oberli, F., Meier, R.M., and Tonarini, S., 1990, The crystalline units of the high Himalayas in the Lahul-Zanskar region (northwest India), metamorphic-tectonic history and geochronology of the collided and imbricated Indian Plate: Geological Magazine, v. 127, p. 101–116.
  • Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G.E., Ding, L., and Zhang, Q.H., 2011, Metamorphic rocks in central Tibet: Lateral variations and implications for crustal structure: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 585–600. doi:10.1130/B30154.1
  • Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G.E., Vervoort, J.D., and Ding, L., 2008, Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean: Geology, v. 36, no. 5, p. 351–354.
  • Qi, X.X., Li, H.Q., Li, T.F., Cai, Z.H., and Yu, C.L., 2010, Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating for garnet-rich granite veins in high-pressure granulites from the Namche Barwa complex, eastern syntaxis of the Himalayas, and the relationship with exhumation: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 26, p. 975–984. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Searle, M.P., Cooper, D.J.W., Rex, A.J., Herren, E., Rex, A.J., and Colchen, M., 1988, Collision tectonics of the Ladakh–Zanskar Himalaya [and discussion]: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 326, p. 117–150. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0082
  • Veevers, J.J., and Saeed, A., 2009, Permian-Jurassic Mahanadi and Pranhita-Godavari Rifts of Gondwana India: Provenance from regional paleoslope and U-Pb/Hf analysis of detrital zircons: Gondwana Research, v. 16, p. 633–654. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.05.013
  • Wang, G.C., Wang, Q.H., Jian, P., and Zhu, Y.H., 2004, Zircon SHRIMP ages of Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks and their tectonic significance in the eastern Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China: Earth Science Frontiers, v. 11, p. 481–490. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Wang, L.Q., Pan, G.T., Ding, J., and Yao, D.S., 2013, The geological map in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its adjacent areas (1: 1500000): Beijing, Geological Publishing house. [in Chinese.]
  • Wang, L.Q., Pan, G.T., Li, C., Dong, Y.S., Zhu, D.C., Yuan, S.H., and Zhu, T.X., 2008, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of Eopaleozoic cumulate in Guoganjianian Mt. from central Qiangtang area of northern Tibet–Considering the evolution of Proto- and Paleo-Tethys: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 27, p. 2045–2056. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Wang, M., Li, C., and Fan, J.J., 2015, Geochronology and geochemistry of the Dabure basalts, central Qiangtang, Tibet: Evidence for ~550 Ma rifting of Gondwana: International Geology Review, doi:10.1080/00206814.2015.1024290
  • Wang, M., Li, C., Xie, C.M., Wu, Y.W., Su, L., and Hu, P.Y., 2012, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon from granitic gneiss of the Nierong microcontinent: The discovery of the Neoproterozoic basement rock and its significance: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 28, p. 4101–4108.
  • Wiedenbeck, M., Allé, P., Corfu, F., Griffin, W.L., Meier, M., Oberli, F., Quadt, A.V., Roddick, J.C., and Spiegel, W., 1995, Three natural zircon standards for U–Th–Pb, Lu–Hf, trace element and REE analyses: Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 19, p. 1–23. doi:10.1111/ggr.1995.19.issue-1
  • Wu, J., Xu, Y.D., An, X.Y., Kong, L.Y., Luo, L., and Zhang, K.X., 2014, Evolution of Neoproterozoic- Mesozoic Sedimentary Basins in Gangdese area, Tibetan plateau: Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience, v. 29, p. 1052–1064.
  • Wu, Y.W., 2013, The evolution record of the Longmuco–Shuanghu–Lancang Ocean Cambrian–Permian Ophiolites [ Ph.D. thesis]: Changchun, Jilin University, 238 p. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Wu, Y.W., Li, C., Dong, Y.S., Xie, C.M., and Hu, P.Y., 2009, Petrological characteristics of taoxinghu early Paleozoic ophiolite in central Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 28, p. 1290–1296. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Xiaochi, J., 2002, Permo-Carboniferous sequences of Gondwana affinity in southwest China and their paleogeographic implications: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 633–646. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00084-0
  • Xie, Y.W., Peng, X.J., Qiang, B.Z.X., Xi, L.L.J., and Ci, R.Y.J., 2007, Recent progress in the study of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Bomi Group in the Bomi-Zayüar area, eastern Tibet, China: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 26, p. 81–87.
  • Xu, R.-H., Schärer, U., and Allègre, C.J., 1985, Magmatism and metamorphism in the Lhasa block (Tibet): A geochronological study: The Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 41–57. doi:10.1086/jg.1985.93.issue-1
  • Xu, Y.J., Du, Y.S., Cawood, P.A., Zhu, Y.H., Li, W.C., and Yu, W.C., 2012, Detrital zircon provenance of Upper Ordovician and Silurian strata in the northeastern Yangtze Block: Response to orogenesis in South China: Sedimentary Geology, v. 267–268, p. 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.05.009
  • Xu, Z.Q., Li, H.B., and Yang, J.S., 2006, An orogenic plateau: The orogenic collage and orogenic types of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: Earth Science Frontiers, v. 13, p. 1–17. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Xu, Z.Q., Yang, J.S., Liang, F.H., Qi, X.X., Liu, F.L., Zeng, L.S., Liu, D.Y., Li, H.B., Wu, C.L., Shi, R.D., and Chen, S.Y., 2005, Pan-African and early Paleozoic orogenic events in the Himalaya terrane: Inference from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 21, p. 1–12. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Yang, X.J., Jia, X.C., Xiong, C.L., Bai, X.Z., Huang, B.X., Luo, G., and Yang, C.B., 2012, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of metamorphic basic volcanic rock in Gongyanghe Group of southern Gaoligong Mountain, western Yunnan Province, and its geological significance: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 31, p. 264–276.
  • Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., 2000, Geologic evolution of the Himalayan Tibetan Orogen: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 28, p. 211–280. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211
  • Ying, S.Z., 1973, Magmatic, Metamorphic and magmatic rocks of the mount jolma lungma region in southern Tibet, China: Scientia Geological Sinica, v. 2, p. 103–132.
  • Zhai, Q.-G., Jahn, B.-M., Zhang, R.-Y., Wang, J., and Su, L., 2011a, Triassic Subduction of the Paleo-Tethys in northern Tibet, China: Evidence from the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of eclogites and blueschists of the Qiangtang Block: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 42, p. 1356–1370. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.07.023
  • Zhai, Q.G., Wang, J.L., and Su, L., 2010, SHRIMP U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses of Middle Ordovician meta-cumulate gabbro in central Qiangtang, northern Tibetan Plateau: Science China Earth Sciences, v. 40, p. 565–573. [in Chinese with English abstract.]
  • Zhai, Q.-G., Zhang, R.-Y., Jahn, B.-M., Li, C., Song, S.-G., and Wang, J., 2011b, Triassic eclogites from central Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China: Petrology, geochronology and metamorphic P–T path: Lithos, v. 125, p. 173–189. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.02.004
  • Zhang, X.Z., Dong, Y.S., Shi, J.R., and Wang, S.Y., 2010a, Formation and significance of jadeite-garnet mica schist newly discovered in Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture zone, central Qiangtang: Earth Science Frontiers, v. 17, p. 93–103.
  • Zhang, Z.M., Dong, X., Geng, G.S., Wang, W., Yu, F., and Liu, F., 2010b, Precambrian Metamorphism of the Northern Lhasa Terrane, South Tibet and Its Tectonic Implications: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 84, p. 440–456.
  • Zhu, D.-C., Mo, X.-X., Niu, Y.L., Zhao, Z.-D., Wang, L.-Q., Pan, G.-T., and Wu, F.-Y., 2009, Zircon U-Pb dating and in-situ Hf isotopic analysis of Permian peraluminous granite in the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet: Implications for Permian collisional orogeny and paleogeography: Tectonophysics, v. 469, p. 48–60. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.017
  • Zhu, D.-C., Zhao, Z.-D., Niu, Y.L., Dilek, Y., and Mo, X.-X., 2011, Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet came from Australia: Geology, v. 39, p. 727–730. doi:10.1130/G31895.1
  • Zhu, D.-C., Zhao, Z.-D., Niu, Y.L., Dilek, Y., Wang, Q., Ji, W.-H., Dong, G.-C., Sui, Q.-L., Liu, Y.-S., Yuan, H.-L., and Mo, X.-X., 2012a, Cambrian bimodal volcanism in the Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet: Record of an early Paleozoic Andean-type magmatic arc in the Australian proto-Tethyan margin: Chemical Geology, v. 328, p. 290–308. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.024
  • Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Niu, Y.L., Wang, Q., Yildirim, D., Dong, G.C., and Mo, X.X., 2012b, Origin and Paleozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Lhasa Terrane: Geological Journal of China Universities, v. 18, p. 1–15.
  • Zou, G.F., Zhu, T.X., Jia, B.J., and Zhou, M.K., 2006, Precambrian crystalline basement in the Nyalam region, southern Xizang: Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, v. 26, p. 13–21.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.