Tectonic and petrogenetic settings of the Eocene Challis-Kamloops volcanic belt of western Canada and the northwestern United States

References

• Anderson, R.G., and Snyder, L.D., 1998, Jurassic to tertiary volcanic, sedimentary and intrusive rocks in the Hallett Lake area, central British Columbia, in Current research 1998-A: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 135–144, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, R.L., and Ward, P.L., 1993, Late Triassic to earliest Eocene magmatism in the North American Cordillera: Implications for the western interior basin, in Caldwell, W.E.G. and Kauffman, E.G. eds., Evolution of the Western Interior basin: Geological Association of Canada, p. 49–72. Spec. Paper 39, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Atwater, B.F., and Rinehart, C.D., 1984, Preliminary geologic map of the Colville Indian reservation, Ferry and Okanogan Counties, Washington, with a table of potassium-argon ages, compiled by Fleck, R.J, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84–389, 4 pl., scale 1:100,000v. 20.
   Google Scholar
• Bardoux, M., 1993, The Okanagan valley normal fault from penticton to enderby, south-central British Columbia [Ph.D. thesis]: Ottawa, Carleton University.
   Google Scholar
• Boehnke, P., Watson, E.B., Trail, D., Harrison, T.M., and Schmitt, A.K., 2013, Zircon saturation revisited: Chemical Geology, v. 351, p. 324–334. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordet, E., Mihalynuk, M.G., Hart, C.J.R., Mortensen, J.K., Friedman, R.M., and Gabites, J., 2014, Chronostratigraphy of Eocene volcanism, central British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 51, no. 1, p. 56–103. doi:10.1139/cjes-2013-0073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordet, E.J., 2014, Eocene volcanic response to the tectonic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera [Ph.D. thesis]: Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 445 p.
   Google Scholar
• Boynton, W.V., 1984, Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements; meteorite studies, in Henderson, P., ed., Rare earth element geochemistry: Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 63–114
   Google Scholar
• Breitsprecher, K., 2002, Volcanic stratigraphy, petrology and tectonic setting of the Eastern margin of the Eocene Kamloops Group, south-central British Columbia [MSc. thesis]: Burnaby, Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Breitsprecher, K., and Mortensen, J.K., 2004, BCAge 2004 A-1–a database of isotopic age determinations for rock units from British Columbia: BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Open File 2004–3.
   Google Scholar
• Breitsprecher, K., Thorkelson, D.J., Groome, W.G., and Dostal, J., 2003, Geochemical confirmation of the Kula-Farallon slab window beneath the Pacific Northwest in Eocene time: Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 351–354. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0351:GCOTKF>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchfiel, B.C., 1993, Tectonostratigraphic map, Cordilleran orogen, conterminous United States, Plate 1A, in Geological Society of America: Geology of North America, v. G3, 2 sheets, scale 1:2 500 000.
   Google Scholar
• Church, B.N., 1973, Geology of the White Lake Basin. BC ministry of energy and mines: Bulletin, v. 61, p. 141
   Google Scholar
• Church, B.N., 1982, The black dome mountain gold-silver prospect: B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Geological Fieldwork, Paper 1982–1, v. 198, p. 106–108.
   Google Scholar
• Church, B.N., 1985, Volcanology and structure of tertiary outliers in South-Central British Columbia, Trip 5, in, Tempelman-Kluit, D., ed., Field guides to geology and mineral deposits in the Southern Canadian Cordillera: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1–46
   Google Scholar
• Church, B.N., 1987, Lithogeochemistry of the gold-silver veins in country rocks of the Blackdome mine area, In Exploration in British Columbia 1986: B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, p. 40–49.
   Google Scholar
• Church, B.N., and Barakso, J.J., 1990, Geology, lithogeochemistry, and mineralization in the buck creek area, British Columbia (93L), British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1990-2, p. 95.
   Google Scholar
• Colpron, M., Nelson, J.L., and Murphy, D.C., 2007, Northern Cordilleran terranes and their interactions through time: GSA Today : A Publication of the Geological Society of America, v. 17, no. 4, p. 4–10. doi:10.1130/GSAT01704-5A.1
   Google Scholar
• DePaolo, D.J., 1988, Neodymium isotope geochemistry: An introduction: New York, Springer Verlag
   Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Breitsprecher, K., Church, B.N., Thorkelson, D., and Hamilton, T.S., 2003, Eocene melting of precambrian lithospheric mantle: Analcime-bearing volcanic rocks from the Challis-Kamloops belt of south-central British Columbia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 126, no. 3–4, p. 303–326. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00153-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Church, B.N., Reynolds, P.H., and Hopkinson, L., 2001, Eocene volcanism in the buck creek basin, central British Columbia (Canada): Transition from arc to extensional volcanism: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 107, no. 1–3, p. 149–170. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00261-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Corney, R., Church, B.N., and Connely, R.M., 2021, Petrogenesis of Eocene shoshonitic rocks from South-Central British Columbia: Melting of proterozoic lithospheric mantle: Lithos, v. 388-389, p. 106289. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Keppie, J.D., and Church, B.N., 2018, Generation of Eocene volcanic rocks from the Cordilleran arc of south-central British Columbia (Canada) during subduction of the farallon and resurrection plates and Yellowstone oceanic plateau: Geological Journal, v. 54, p. 540–604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Keppie, J.D., Church, B.N., Reynolds, P.H., and Reid, C.R., 2008, The Eocene-Oligocene magmatic hiatus in the south-central Canadian Cordillera: A capture of the kula plate by the Pacific Plate?: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 45, p. 69–82. doi:10.1139/e07-062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Owen, J., Church, B.N., and Hamilton, T.S., 2005, Episodic volcanism in the buck creek complex (Central British Columbia, Canada): A history of magmatism and mantle evolution from the jurassic to the early tertiary: International Geology Review, v. 47, no. 6, p. 551–572. doi:10.2747/0020-6814.47.6.551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal, J., Robichaud, D.A., Church, B.N., and Reynolds, P.H., 1998, Eocene Challis-Kamloops volcanism in central British Columbia: An example from the Buck Creek basin: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, no. 8, p. 951–963. doi:10.1139/e98-040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudas, F., Ispolatov, V.O., Harlan, S.S., and Snee, L.W., 2010, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and geochemical reconnaissance of the Eocene Lowland Creek volcanic field, West-central Montana: Journal of Geology, v. 118, p. 295–304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby, N., 1992, Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications: Geology, v. 20, no. 7, p. 641–644. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0641:CSOTAT>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy, M.P., Clark, K.P., and Polenz, M., 2017, Age and volcanic stratigraphy of the Eocene Siletzia oceanic plateau in Washington and on Vancouver Island: Lithosphere, v. 9, p. 652–664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engebretson, D.C., Cox, A., and Gordon, R.G., 1985, Relative motion between oceanic and continental plates in the Pacific basin: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 206, p. 1–59
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, T.E., 1980, Paleogene tectonic evolution of the Pacific Northwest: The Journal of Geology, v. 88, no. 6, p. 619–638. doi:10.1086/628551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, T.E., 1981a, Petrology and geochemistry of the Kamloops Group volcanics, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, no. 9, p. 1478–1491. doi:10.1139/e81-138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, T.E., 1981b, Regional stratigraphy and structural setting of the Kamloops Group, south-central British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, no. 9, p. 1464–1477. doi:10.1139/e81-137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, T.C., 2003, Origin and tectonic implications of across-strike geochemical variations in the Eocene Absaroka Volcanic Province, United States: The Journal of Geology, v. 111, no. 3, p. 329–346. doi:10.1086/373972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, T.C., and Cosca, M.A., 2003, Time vs. composition trends of magmatism at sunlight volcano, Absaroka volcanic province, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 714–728. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0714:TVCTOM>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, T.C., Cosca, M.A., and Lindsay, C.R., 2002, Petrogenesis and implications of calc-alakline cryptic hybrid magmas from Washburn volcano, Absaroka volcanic province, USA: Journal of Petrology, v. 43, no. 4, p. 663–703. doi:10.1093/petrology/43.4.663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, F.S., McIntyre, D.H., and Johnson, K.M., 1992, Geologic map of the Challis 1°x 2° quadrangle, Idaho, U. S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations, series Map I-1819, 1: 250,000.
   Google Scholar
• Frost, C.D., and Frost, B.R., 2011, On ferroan (A-type) granitoids: Their compositional variability and modes of origin: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, no. 1, p. 39–53. doi:10.1093/petrology/egq070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielse, J., and Yorath, C.J., 1991, Tectonic synthesis, , in Gabrielse, J., and Yorath, C.J., eds., Geology of the Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geology of Canada, Vol. 4, p. 677–705. (also Geological Society of America, Geology of North America G-2)
   Google Scholar
• Gaschnig, R.M., Vervoort, J.D., Lewis, R.S., and Tikoff, B., 2011, Isotopic evolution of the Idaho batholith and Challis intrusive province, Northern US Cordillera: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, no. 12, p. 2397–2429. doi:10.1093/petrology/egr050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, D.K., 1995, Nd-Sr isotopic constraints on the interactions of the intermontane superterrane with the western edge of North America in the southern Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 10, p. 1740–1758. doi:10.1139/e95-136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainger, N., 2000, Petrogenesis of middle jurassic to miocene magmatism within the Nechako plateau, central British Columbia: Insight from petrography, geochemistry, geochronology and tracer isotope studies [MSc. thesis]: Edmonton, University of Alberta, 125.
   Google Scholar
• Grainger, N.C., Villeneuve, M.E., Heaman, L.M., and Anderson, R.G., 2001, New U-Pb and Ar-Ar isotopic age constraints on the timing of eocene magmatism, Fort Fraser and Nechako River map areas, central BC: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, no. 4, p. 679–696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, T.M., and Watson, E.B., 1984, The behavior of apatite during crustal anatexis: Equilibrium and kinetic considerations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 7, p. 1467–1477. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90403-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, L.A., and Watson, E.B., 2007, Rutile saturation in hydrous siliceous melts and its bearing on Ti-thermometry of quartz and zircon: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 258, no. 3–4, p. 561–568. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickson, C.J., Read, P., Mathews, W.H., and Hunt, J.A., 1991, Revised geological mapping in the Taseko Lakes area, west-central British Columbia, in Current research, part 4, Pap: Geological Survey of Canada, Vols. 91-1, p. 207–217, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrand, R.S., and Whalen, J.B., 2017, The tectonic setting and origin of cretaceous batholiths within the North American Cordillera: The case for slab failure magmatism and its significance for crustal growth: Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 532, p. 113
   Google Scholar
• Holder, G.M., 1990, Geochemical character and correlation of contemporaneous volcanic, plutonic and hypabyssal igneous activity associated with Eocene regional extension, northeast Washington [Ph.D. thesis]: Pullman, Washington State University.
   Google Scholar
• Ickert, R.B., Thorkelson, D.J., Marshall, D.D., and Ullrich, T.D., 2009, Eocene adakitic volcanism in southern British Columbia: Remelting of arc basalt above a slab window: Tectonophysics, v. 464, no. 1–4, p. 164–185. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine, T.N., and Baragar, W.R.A., 1971, A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 8, no. 5, p. 523–547. doi:10.1139/e71-055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving, E., and Brandon, M.T., 1990, Paleomagnetism of the Flores volcanics, Vancouver Island, in place by Eocene time: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, no. 6, p. 811–817. doi:10.1139/e90-083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janecke, S.U., and Snee, L.W., 1993, Timing and episodicity of middle Eocene Volcanism and onset of conglomerate deposition, Idaho: The Journal of Geology, v. 101, no. 5, p. 603–621. doi:10.1086/648252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jutras, P., Murphy, J.B., Quick, D., and Dostal, J., 2020, Evolution of subduction dynamics beneath West Avalonia in middle to late Ordovician times: Lithosphere, v. Article 8837633, p. 22. doi:10.2113/2020/8837633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant, L.B., Tepper, J.H., Eddy, M.P., and Nelson, B.K. 2018. Eocene basalt of Summit Creek: Slab breakoff magmatism in the central Washington Cascades, USA. Lithosphere, v.10, no.6, p. 792–805. doi:10.1130/L731.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bas, M.J., Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., and Zanettin, B.A., 1986, A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 745–750. doi:10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, C.R., 2002. Petrogenesis of eocene calc-alkaline magmatism at Electric Peak and Sepulcher Mountain, Absaroka volcanic province, Montana and Wyoming. [MSc thesis]: Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, L., Gurnis, M., Seton, M., Saleeby, J., Müller, R.D., and Jackson, J.M., 2010, The role of oceanic plateau subduction in the Laramide orogeny: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, no. 5, p. 353–357. doi:10.1038/ngeo829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livaccari, R.F., Burke, K., and Şengör, A.M.C., 1981, Was the Laramide orogeny related to subduction of an oceanic plateau?: Nature, v. 289, no. 5795, p. 276–278. doi:10.1038/289276a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, J.K., Thorkelson, D.J., Friedman, R.M., and Marshall, D.D., 2006, Cenozoic to recent plate configurations in the Pacific Basin: Ridge subduction and slab window magmatism in western North America: Geosphere, v. 2, no. 1, p. 11–34. doi:10.1130/GES00020.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, N.W.D., MacIntyre, D.G., Desjardins, P.J., and Cooney, R.T., 2005, Digital geology map of British Columbia: Whole Province, BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, GeoFile 2005–1.
   Google Scholar
• Mathews, W.H., 1981, Early Cenozoic resetting of potassium-argon dates and geotherma history of North Okanaga n area, BritishColumbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 1310–1319. doi:10.1139/e81-121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, W.H., 1991, Physiographic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera, in Gabrielse, J., and Yorath, C.J., eds., Geology of the Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geology of Canada, p. 405–418. no. 4, (also Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. G-2)
   Google Scholar
• McKervey, J.A., 1998, The petrogenesis of the Eocene Challis Volcanic Group, Idaho, Western U.S.A. [Ph.D. thesis]: Milton Keynes, The Open University.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, P., Richards, T.A., Villeneuve, M.E., White, J.M., and Hickson, C.J., 1997, Physical and chemical volcanology of the Eocene Mount Clisbako volcano, central British Columbia, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 1997–2, Open File 3448, p. 32.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C.F., McDowell, S.M., and Mapes, R.W., 2003, Hot and cold granites? Implications of zircon saturation temperatures and preservation of inheritance: Geology, v. 31, no. 6, p. 529–532. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0529:HACGIO>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monger, J., and Price, R.A., 2002, The Canadian Cordillera: Geology and tectonic evolution: Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics Recorder, v. 27, p. 17–36
   Google Scholar
• Monger, J.W.H., and Gibson, H.D., 2019, Mesozoic-Cenozoic deformation in the Canadian Cordillera: The record of a “Continental Bulldozer”?: Tectonophysics, v. 757, p. 153–169. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.12.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, G.A., Larson, P.B., and Hooper, P.R., 2000, “Subduction style” magmatism in a nonsubduction setting: The colville igneous complex, NE Washington State, USA: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 43–67. doi:10.1093/petrology/41.1.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moye, F.J., 1984, Geology and petrochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks in the western half of the Seventeenmile Mountain quadrangle, Ferry County, Washigton [Ph.D. thesis]: Moscow, University of Idaho.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J.B., 2016, The role of the ancestral Yellowstone plume in the tectonic evolution of the Western United States: Geoscience Canada, v. 43, no. 4, p. 231–250. doi:10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J.B., Shellnutt, J.G., and Collins, W.J., 2018, Late Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous genesis of A‑type magmas in Avalonia of northern Nova Scotia: Repeated partial melting of anhydrous lower crust in contrasting tectonic environments: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 107, p. 587–599. doi:10.1007/s00531-017-1512-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J., and Colpron, M., 2007, Tectonics and metallogeny of the British Columbia, Yukon and Alaskan Cordillera, 1, in, Goodfellow, W.D., ed., Mineral deposits of Canada: A synthesis of major deposit-types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication No. 5, p. 755–779
   Google Scholar
• Nokleberg, W.J., Parfenov, L.M., Monger, J.W.H., Norton, I.O., Khanchuk, A.I., Stone, D.B., Scotese, C.R., Scholl, D.W., and Fujita, K, 2000, Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the Circum-North Pacific, US Geological Survey Professional Paper, USGS Denver, v. 1626, p. 133.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, M.D., and Mertzman, S.A., 1991, Petrogenesis of Challis volcanics from central and southwestern Idaho: Trace element and Pb isotopic evidence: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96B, no. B8, p. 13279–13293. doi:10.1029/91JB00285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, R.C., 1967, Geologic map of the Bodie Mountain Quadrangle, Ferry and Okanogan counties, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ-636, scale 1: 62,500.
   Google Scholar
• Prodehl, C., and Lipman, P.W., 1989, Crustal structure of the rocky mountain region, in Pakiser, L.C., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Geophysical framework of the continental United States: Geological Society of America Memoir, Vol. 172, p. 249–284, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ryerson, F.J., and Watson, E.B., 1987, Rutile saturation in magmas: Implications for Ti-Nb-Ta depletion in island-arc basalts: Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 86, no. 2–4, p. 225–239. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(87)90223-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson, S.D., McClelland, W.C., Patchett, P.J., Gehrels, G.E., and Anderson, R.G., 1989, Evidence from neodymium isotopes for mantle contributions to Phanerozoic crustal genesis in the Canadian Cordillera: Nature, v. 337, no. 6209, p. 705–709. doi:10.1038/337705a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmandt, B., and Humphreys, E., 2011, Seismically imaged relict slab fromthe 55 Ma Siletzia accretion to the northwest United States: Geology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 175–178. doi:10.1130/G31558.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigloch, K., and Mihalynuk, M.G., 2013, Intra‐oceanic subduction shaped the assembly of Cordilleran North America: Nature, v. 496, no. 7443, p. 50–56. doi:10.1038/nature12019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigloch, K., and Mihalynuk, M.G., 2017, Mantle and geological evidence for a late jurassic cretaceous suture spanning North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 129, p. 1489–1520. doi:10.1130/B31529.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A.D., 1986, Isotopic studies of Terrane I, southcentral British Columbia [Ph.D. thesis]: Edmonton, University of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Souther, J.G., 1970, Volcanism and its relationships to recent crustal movements in the Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 7, no. 2, p. 553–568. doi:10.1139/e70-054
   Google Scholar
• Souther, J.G., 1991, Volcanic regimes, , in Gabrielse, J., and Yorath, C.J., eds., Geology of the Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geology of Canada, p. 457–490. no. 4, (also Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. G-2)
   Google Scholar
• Stern, R.J., and Dumitru, T.A., 2019, Eocene initiation of the Cascadia subduction zone: A second example of plume-induced subduction initiation?: Geosphere, v. 15, no. 3, p. 659–681. doi:10.1130/GES02050.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in ocean basins: Geological Society London, Special Publication, Vol. 42, p. 313–345, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Sundell, K.A., 1993, in A geologic overview of the Absaroka volcanic province, Snoke, A.W., Steidmann, L.R., and Roberts, S.M., eds., Geology of Wyoming. Geological Survey of Wyoming Memoir No. 5, p. 480–506, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Thorkelson, 1989, Eocene sedimentation and volcanism in the Fig Lake Graben, southwestern British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1368–1373. doi:10.1139/e89-116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wagoner, N., Ootes, L., and Thomson-Gladish, J., 2021, Volcanism and geochemistry of the Kamloops Group, south-central British Columbia, Geological Fieldwork 2020, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2021–01, p. 65–88.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, E.B., and Harrison, T.M., 1983, Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 64, no. 2, p. 295–304. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(83)90211-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, R., Bukry, D., Friedman, R., Pyle, D., Duncan, R., Haeussler, P., and Wooden, J., 2014, Geologic history of Siletzia, a large igneous province in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range: Correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale and implications for a long-lived Yellowstone hotspot: Geosphere, v. 10, no. 4, p. 692–719. doi:10.1130/GES01018.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., and Chappell, B.W., 1987, A-type granites: Geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 95, no. 4, p. 40–419. doi:10.1007/BF00402202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen, J.B., and Hildebrand, R.S., 2019, Trace element discrimination of arc, slab failure, and A-type granitic rocks: Lithos, v. 348-349, p. 105179. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, J.O., and McFeely, P., 1991, Tectonic assemblage map of the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent parts of the United States of America, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1565; Scale 1:2, 000, 000.
   Google Scholar
• Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A., 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements: Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325–343. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, D.A., 1980, The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 50, p. 11–30. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90116-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zindler, A., and Hart, S.R., 1986, Chemical geodynamics: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 14, no. 1, p. 493–571. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.002425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar