381
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Cryogenian crustal evolution in western Nigeria shield: whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic evidence from Bakoshi-Gadanya granites

, ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 2626-2652 | Received 13 Jul 2021, Accepted 23 Oct 2021, Published online: 17 Nov 2021

References

  • Abdallah, N., Liégeois, J.-P., De Waele, B., Fezaa, N., and Ouabadi, A., 2007, The Temaguessine Fe-cordierite orbicular granite (Central Hoggar, Algeria): U–Pb SHRIMP age, petrology, origin and geo-dynamical consequences for the late Pan-African magmatism of the Tuareg shield: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 49(4–5), 153–178. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.08.005.
  • Accioly, A.C.A., Santos, C.A., Rodrigues, J.B., Brito Neves, B.B., and Santos, E.J., 2007, Idade Cariris Velhos do Complexo Vertentes na região de Pesqueira-PE, Terreno Rio Capibaribe, Província Borborema. In: XII Simpósio de Geologia do Nordeste. Resumos, Boletim 20, Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, p. 234.
  • Adetunji, A., Olarewaju, V.O., Ocan, O.O., Macheva, L., and Ganev, V.Y., 2018, Geochemistry and U-Pb zircon geochronology of Iwo quartz potassic syenite, southwestern Nigeria: Constraints on petrogenesis, timing of deformation and terrane amalgamation: Precambrian Research, 307, 125–136. 10.1016/j.precamres.2018.01.015.
  • Ahmed, H.A., Xun, L., Chang, W., Ma, Q., Abdallsamed, M.I.M., Girei, M.B., Xiang, Y., Victor, Z., Vincent, I., Kamaunji, D.V., and Cao, L., 2021, Contrasting Neoproterozoic and Mesozoic granitoids in Zaranda complex (Nigeria): Insights into the distinct origins, tectonic settings and mineralization potential: International Journal of Earth Sciences, 110(4), 1389–1413. 10.1007/s00531-021-02021-z.
  • Aidoo, F., Sun, F.Y., Liang, T., and Nude, P.M., 2020, New insight into the Dahomeyide Belt of southeastern Ghana, West Africa: Evidence of arc-continental collision and Neoarchaean crustal reworking: Precambrian Research, 347, 105836. 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105836.
  • Ajibade, A.C., Woakes, M., and Rahaman, M.A., 1987, Proterozoic crustal development in the Pan-African regime of Nigeria, Kroner, A. , ed., Proterozoic lithospheric evolution, geodynamics series : Washington DC: American Geophysical Union; 259–271. 10.1029/GD017p0259.
  • Ajibade, A.C., and Wright, J.B., 1989, The Togo-Benin-Nigeria shield: Evidence of crustal aggregation in the Pan-African belt: Tectonophysics, 165(1–4), 125–129. 10.1016/0040-1951(89)90041-3.
  • Ananaba, S.E., and Ajakaiye, D.E., 1987, Evidence of tectonic control of mineralization in nigeria from lineament density analysis a landsat-study: International Journal of Remote Sensing, 8(10), 1445–1453. 10.1080/01431168708954788.
  • Anders, E., and Grevesse, N., 1989, Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53(1), 197–214. 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X.
  • Béchiri-Benmerzoug, F., Azzouni-Sekkal, A., Liégeois, J.-P., Bonin, B., Bechiri, H., and Kheloui, R., 2018, The Silet superterrane (Western Hoggar, Algeria): A collage of exotic terranes. In: 27th Colloquim of African Geology, Aveiro, Portugal, July 2018.
  • Béchiri-Benmerzoug, F., Bonin, B., Bechiri, H., Khéloui, R., Talmat-Bouzeguela, S., and Bouzid, K., 2017, Hoggar geochronology: A historical review of published isotopic data: Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10(16), 351–383. 10.1007/s12517-017-3134-6.
  • Béchiri-Benmerzoug, F., Liégeois, J.-P., Bonin, B., Azzouni-Sekkal, A., Bechiri, H., Kheloui, R., Matukov, D.I., and Sergeev, S.A., 2011, The plutons from the Cryogenian Iskel composite oceanic island arc (Hoggar, Tuareg Shield, Algeria): U-Pb on zircon SHRIMP geochronology, geochemistry and geodynamic setting. In: Seventh Hutton symposium on granites and related rocks, Avila, Spain, July 4-9, 2011, p.17
  • Black, R., Latouche, L., Liégeois, J.P., Caby, R., and Bertrand, J.M. 1994, Pan-African displaced terranes in the Tuareg shield (central Sahara): Geology, 22, 641–644. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0641:PADTIT>2.3.CO;2
  • Black, R., and Liegeois, J.P., 1993, Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental lithospheric mantle: The Pan-African testimony: Journal of the Geological Society, 150(1), 89–98. 10.1144/gsjgs.150.1.0088.
  • Boehnke, P., Watson, E.B., Trail, D., Harrison, T.M., and Schmitt, A.K., 2013, Zircon saturation re-revisited: Chem: Geology, 351, 324–334. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.028.
  • Bogaerts, M., Scaillet, B., and Auwera, J.V., 2006, Phase equilibria of the Lyngdal granodiorite (Norway): Implications for the origin of metaluminous ferroan granitoids: Journal of Petrology, 47(12), 2405–2431. 10.1093/petrology/egl049.
  • Bonin, B., Azzouni-Sekkal, A., Bussy, F., and Ferrag, S., 1998, Alkali-calcic and alkaline post-orogenic (PO) granite magmatism: Petrologic constraints and geodynamic settings: Lithos, 45(1–4), 45–70. 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00025-5.
  • Bonin, B., Janoušek, V., and Moyen, J.F., 2020, Chemical variation, modal composition and classification of granitoids, In Janoušek, V., Bonin, B., Collins, W.J., Farina, F. & Bowden, P., eds., Post-Archean Granitic Rocks: Petrogenetic processes and tectonic environments: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 491(1), 9–51. 10.1144/SP491-2019-138.
  • Brahimi, S., Liégeois, J.-P., Ghienne, J.F., Munschy, M., and Bourmatte, A., 2018, The Tuareg shield terranes revisited and extended towards the northern Gondwana margin: Magnetic and gravimetric constraints: Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 572–599. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.07.002.
  • Bruguier, O., Data, S., and Lancelot, J.R., 1994, Early Archaean component (> 3.5 Ga) within a 3.05 Ga orthogneiss from northern Nigeria: UPb zircon evidence: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 125(1–4), 89–103. 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90208-9.
  • Bute, S.I., Yang, X., Cao, J., Liu, L., Deng, J., Vela Haruna, I., Girei, M.B., Abubakar, U., and Akhtar, S., 2019, Origin and tectonic implications of ferroan alkali-calcic granitoids from the Hawal Massif, east-eastern Nigeria terrane: Clues from geochemistry and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes: International Geology Review, 62(2), 129–152. 10.1080/00206814.2019.1593250.
  • Caby, R., 1989, Precambrian terranes of Benin-Nigeria and northeast Brazil and the Late Proterozoic south Atlantic fit: Geological society special paper: Amsterdam, 230, 145–158. 10.1130/SPE230-p145.
  • Carvalho, M.J., Oliveira, E.P., Dantas, E.L., and McNaughton, N., 2005, Evolução tectônica do Domínio Marancó-Poço Redondo: Registro das orogêneses Cariris Velhos e Brasiliana na margem norte da Faixa Sergipana, III Simpósio sobre o Cráton do São Francisco: Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Anais. p. 204–207.
  • Caxito, F.A., Santos, L.C.M.L., Ganade, C.E., Bendaoud, A., Fettous, E.H., and Bouyo, M.H., 2020, Toward an integrated model of geological evolution for NE Brazil–NW Africa: The Borborema Province and its connections to the Trans-Saharan (Benino-Nigerian and Tuareg shields) and Central African orogens: Brazilian Journal of Geology, 50(2). 10.1590/2317-4889202020190122.
  • Cordani, U.G., Pimentel, M.M., Araújo, C.E.G. and Fuck, R.A., 2013, The significance of the Transbrasiliano-Kandi tectonic corridor for the amalgamation of West Gondwana: Brazilian Journal of Geology, 43(3), 583–597. 10.5327/Z2317-48892013000300012.
  • Da Silva, L.C., McNaughton, N.J., Armstrong, R., Hartmann, L.A., and Fletcher, I.R., 2005, The Neoproterozoic Mantiqueira Province and its African connections: A zircon-based U-Pb geochronologic subdivision for the Brasiliano/Pan-African systems of orogens: Precambrian Research, 136(3–4), 203–240. 10.1016/j.precamres.2004.10.004.
  • Dada, S.S., 1998, Crust-forming ages and proterozoic crustal evoluton in Nigeria: A reappraisal of current interpretations: Precambrian Research, 87(1–2), 65–74. 10.1016/s0301-9268(97)00054-5.
  • Dada, S.S., 2008, Proterozoic evolution of the Nigeria - Boborema province: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 294(1), 121–136. 10.1144/SP294.7.
  • Dada, S.S., Briqueu, L., Harms, U., Lancelot, J.R., and Matheis, G., 1995, Charnockitic and monzonitic Pan-African series from north-central Nigeria: Trace-element and Nd, Sr, Pb isotope constraints on their petrogenesis: Chemical Geology, 124(3–4), 233–252. 10.1016/0009-2541(95)00010-J.
  • Dada, S.S., Lancelot, J.R., and Briqueu, L., 1989, Age and origin of the annular charnockitic complex at Toro, Northern Nigeria: U-Pb and Rb-Sr evidence: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 9(2), 227–234. 10.1016/0899-5362(89)90066-3.
  • Danbatta, U.A., 1999, The geotectonic evolution of the Kazaure Schist belt in the Precambrian Basement of NW Nigeria [Ph.D thesis]: Zaria, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 298 p
  • Danbatta, U.A., 2010, On the evolution of the Kazaure Schist Belt of NW Nigeria: A re-interpretation: Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 8(2), 207–216. 10.4314/gjgs.v8i2.62775.
  • De La Roche, H., Leterrier, J., Grandclaude, P., and Marchal, M., 1980, A classification of volcanic and plutonic rocks using R1R2-diagram and major-element analyses - Its relationships with current nomenclature: Chemical Geology, 29(1–4), 183–210. 10.1016/0009-2541(80)90020-0.
  • de Lima, J.V., de Pinho Guimarães, I., Neves, S.P., Archanjo, C.J., de Amorim, J.V.A., Farias, D.J.S., and Martins, J.V., 2021, Multiple sources and multi-stage emplacement of the Esperança Granitic complex and its relationship with the Patos – Campina Grande shear zone system, Borborema Province - NE Brazil: Lithos, 404-405, 106477. 10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106477.
  • Dickin, A.P., Halliday, A.N., and Bowden, P., 1991, A Pb, Sr and Nd isotope study of the basement and mesozoic ring complexes of the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: Chemical Geology, 94(1), 23–32. 10.1016/S0009-2541(10)80014-2.
  • Dos Santos, E.J., Schmus, W.R.V., Kozuch, M., Neves, B.B., and de, B., 2010, The Cariris Velhos tectonic event in Northeast Brazil: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29(1), 61–76. 10.1016/j.jsames.2009.07.003.
  • Egbuniwe, I.G., Fitches, W.R., Bentley, M., and Snelling, N.J., 1985, Late pan-african syenite-granite plutons in NW Nigeria: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 3(4), 427–435. 10.1016/S0899-5362(85)80085-3.
  • Ferré, E.C., Caby, R., Peucat, J.J., Capdevila, R., and Monié, P., 1998, Pan-African, post-collisional, ferro-potassic granite and quartz-monzonite plutons of Eastern Nigeria: Lithos, 45(1–4), 255–279. 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00035-8.
  • Ferré, E.C., Déléris, J., Bouchez, J.L., Lar, A.U., and Peucat, J.J., 1996, The Pan-African reactivation of Eburnean and Archaean provinces in Nigeria: Structural and isotopic data: Journal of the Geological Society of London, 153(5), 719–728. 10.1144/gsjgs.153.5.0719.
  • Ferré, E.C., Gleizes, G., and Caby, R., 2002, Obliquely convergent tectonics and granite emplacement in the Trans-Saharan belt of Eastern Nigeria: A synthesis: Precambrian Research, 114(3–4), 199–219. 10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00226-1.
  • Fitches, W.R., Ajibade, A.C., Egwuniwe, I.G., Holt, R.W., and Wright, J.B., 1985, Late Proterozoic schist belts and plutonism in NW Nigeria: Journal of the Geological Society, 142(2), 319–337 10.1144/gsjgs.142.2.0319
  • Förster, H.J., Tischendorf, G., and Trumbull, R.B., 1997, An evaluation of the Rb vs. (Y + Nb) discrimination diagram to infer tectonic setting of silicic igneous rocks: Lithos, 40, 261–293. 10.1016/s0024-4937(97)00032-7.
  • Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., and Frost, C.D., 2001, A geochemical classification for granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, 42(11), 2033–2048. 10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033.
  • Frost, B.R., and Frost, C.D., 2008, A geochemical classification for feldspathic igneous rocks: Journal of Petrology, 49(11), 1955–1969. 10.1093/petrology/egn054.
  • Frost, C.D., and Frost, B.R., 2013, Proterozoic ferroan feldspathic magmatism: Precambrian Research, 228, 151–163. 10.1016/j.precamres.2013.01.016.
  • Frost, C.D., and Frost, R.B., 2011, On ferroan (A-type) granitoids: Their compositional variability and modes of origin: Journal of Petrology, 52(1), 39–53. 10.1093/petrology/egq070.
  • Ganade de Araujo, C.E., Weinberg, R.F., and Cordani, U.G., 2014, Extruding the Borborema Province (NE-Brazil): A two-stage Neoproterozoic collision process: Terra Nova, 26(2), 157–168. 10.1111/ter.12084.
  • Ganade, C.E., Cordani, U.G., Agbossoumounde, Y., Caby, R., Basei, M.A.S., Weinberg, R.F., and Sato, K., 2016, Tightening-up NE Brazil and NW Africa connections: New U-Pb/Lu-Hf zircon data of a complete plate tectonic cycle in the Dahomey belt of the West Gondwana Orogen in Togo and Benin: Precambrian Research, 276, 24–42. 10.1016/j.precamres.2016.01.032.
  • Gastal, M., Do, C.P., Lafon, J.M., Hartmann, L.A., and Koester, E., 2005, Sm-Nd isotopic compositions as a proxy for magmatic processes during the Neoproterozoic of the southern Brazilian shield: Journal of South America Earth Sciences, 18(3–4), 255–276. 10.1016/j.jsames.2004.11.009.
  • Goodenough, K.M., Lusty, P.A.J., Roberts, N.M.W., Key, R.M., and Garba, A., 2014, Post-collisional Pan-African granitoids and rare metal pegmatites in western Nigeria: Age, petrogenesis, and the ‘pegmatite conundrum’: Lithos, 200-201, 22–34. 10.1016/j.lithos.2014.04.006.
  • Grant, N.K., 1978, Structural distinction between a metasedimentary cover and an underlying basement in the 600-m.y.-old Pan-African domain of northwestern Nigeria: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 89(1), 50–58. 10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<50:sdbamc>2.0.CO;2.
  • Guillot, S., Agbossoumondé, Y., Bascou, J., Berger, J., Duclaux, G., Hilairet, N., Ménot, R.P., and Schwartz, S., 2019, Transition from subduction to collision recorded in the Pan-African arc complexes (Mali to Ghana): Precambrian Research, 320, 261–280. 10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.007.
  • Isseini, M., André-mayer, A., Vanderhaeghe, O., Barbey, P., and Deloule, E., 2012, A-type granites from the Pan-African orogenic belt in south-western Chad constrained using geochemistry, Sr – Nd isotopes and U – Pb geochronology: Lithos, 153, 39–52. 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.07.014.
  • Janoušek, V., Rogers, G., and Bowes, D.R., 1995, Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of the Central Bohemian Pluton, Czech Republic: Geologische Rundschau, 84, 520–534. doi:10.1007/BF00284518
  • Kröner, A., Ekwueme, B.N., and Pidgeon, R.T., 2001, The oldest rock in West Africa: SHRIMP zircon age for early archean migmatitic orthogneiss at Kaduna, Northern Nigeria: The Journal of Geology, 109(3), 399–406. 10.1086/319979.
  • Kröner, A., and Stern, R., 2004, Pan-African Orogeny: Encyclopedia of Geology, 1, 1–12.
  • Küster, D., and Harms, U., 1998, Post-collisional potassic granitoids from the southern and northwestern parts of the Late Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: A review: Lithos, 45(1–4), 177–195. 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00031-0.
  • Kwayisi, D., Lehmann, J., and Elburg, M., 2020, The architecture of the Buem structural unit: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Pan-African Dahomeyide Orogen, West Africa: Precambrian Research, 338, 105568. 10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105568.
  • Liégeois, J.-P., 2019, A new synthetic geological map of the Tuareg shield: An overview of its global structure and geological evolution, Bendaoud, A., Hamimi, Z., Hamoudi, M., Djemai, S., and Zoheir, B. , The geology of the Arab world - An overview. Switzerland : Springer, Verlag. 83–107.
  • Liégeois, J.-P., Latouche, L., Boughrara, M., Navez, J., and Guiraud, M., 2003, The LATEA metacraton (Central Hoggar, Tuareg shield, Algeria): Behaviour of an old passive margin during the Pan-African orogeny: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 37(3–4), 161–190. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2003.05.004.
  • Liégeois, J.-P., Navez, J., Hertogen, J., and Black, R., 1998, Contrasting origin of post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic versus alkaline and peralkaline granitoids. The use of sliding normalization: Lithos, 45(1–4), 1–28. 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00023-1.
  • Liégeois, J.P. 2019 A new synthetic geological map of the Tuareg Shield: an overview of its global structure and geological evolution. In: The Geology of the Arab World - An Overview Bendaoud, A., Hamimi, Z., Hamoudi, M., Djemai, S., and Zoheir, B. eds. Springer Geology (Switzerland: Springer Cam)83–107. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96794-3
  • Liégeois, J.P., Black, R., Navez, J., and Latouche, L. 1994, Early and late Pan-African orogenies in the Aïr assembly of terranes (Tuareg Shield, Niger): Precambrian Research, 67 (1–2), 59–88. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(94)90005-1
  • Lima, M.M.C., Ferreira, V.P., Silva, T.R., Sial, A.N., and Carvalho, B.M.B., 2021, Crustal growth during Western Gondwana amalgamation and onset of the Brasiliano orogeny: Insights from geochemistry and Pb–Sr–Nd–O isotopes from granites in northeastern Brazil: Lithos, 396–397. 10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106223.
  • Maniar, P.D., and Piccoli, P.M., 1989, Tectonic discrimination of granitoids subscribe tectonic discrimination of granitoids: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101(5), 635–643. 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0635:TDOG>2.3.CO;2.
  • McCurry, P., 1971a, Pan-African Orogeny in Northern Nigeria: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82(11), 3251–3262. 10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3251:POINN]2.0.CO;2.
  • McCurry, P., 1971b, Plate Tectonics and the Pan-African Orogeny in Nigeria: Nature Physical Science, 229(5), 154–155. 10.1038/physci229154a0.
  • McCurry, P., and Wright, J.B., 1971, On place and time in orogenic granite plutonism: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82(6), 1713–1716. 10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1713:OPATIO]2.0.CO;2.
  • McCurry, P., and Wright, J.B., 1977, Geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanics In Northwestern Nigeria, And A Possible Pan-African Suture Zone: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37(1), 90–96. 10.1016/0012-821X(77)90149-2.
  • Miller, C.F., McDowell, S.M., and Mapes, R.W., 2003, Hot and cold granites: Implications of zircon saturation temperatures and preservation of inheritance: Geology, 31(6), 529–532. 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0529:hacgio>2.0.CO;2.
  • Miller, C., Thöni, M., Goessler, W., and Tessadri, R., 2011, Origin and age of the Eisenkappel gabbro to granite suite (Carinthia, SE Austrian Alps): Lithos, 125(1–2), 434–448. 10.1016/j.lithos.2011.03.003.
  • Montel, J.M., and Vielzeuf, D., 1997, Partial melting of metagreywackes, Part II. Compositions of minerals and melts: Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 128(2–3), 176–196. 10.1007/s004100050302.
  • Ogezi, A.E., 1977, Geochemistry and Geochronology of basement rocks from northwestern Nigeria [Ph.D thesis]: University of Leeds England, 295 p
  • Oliveira, E.P., Bueno, J.F., Mcnaughton, N.J., and Silva, A.F., 2015, Age, composition, and source of continental arc- and syn-collision granites of the Neoproterozoic Sergipano Belt, Southern Borborema: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 58, 257–280. 10.1016/j.jsames.2014.08.003.
  • Onyeagocha, A.C., and Ekwueme, B.N., 1990, Temperature-pressure distribution patterns in metamorphosed rocks of the Nigerian basement complex - a preliminary analysis: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 11(1–2), 83–93. 10.1016/0899-5362(90)90079-T.
  • Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., 1984, Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, 25(4), 956–983. 10.1093/petrology/25.4.956.
  • Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976, Geochemistry of eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey: Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58(1), 63–81. 10.1007/BF00384745.
  • Penaye, J., Kröner, A., Toteu, S.F., Van Schmus, W.R., and Doumnang, J.C., 2006, Evolution of the Mayo Kebbi region as revealed by zircon dating: An early (ca. 740 Ma) Pan-African magmatic arc in southwestern Chad: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44(4–5), 530–542. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.018.
  • Saeed, A., Zeng, Z., Dilek, Y., Awadelseid, S.F., Abdel Rahman, A.A., and Adam, M.M.A., 2020, Geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf–Sr-Nd isotopes of the Hamisana Shear Zone granitoids in northeastern Sudan: Petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of neoproterozoic juvenile crust in the Nubian Shield: Precambrian Research, 347, 105857. 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105857.
  • Santos, L.C.M.D.L., Dantas, E.L., Cawood, P.A., Lages, G., de, A., Lima, H.M., Dos Santos, E.J., and Caxito, F.A., 2019, Early to late Neoproterozoic subduction-accretion episodes in the Cariris Velhos Belt of the Borborema Province, Brazil: Insights from isotope and whole-rock geochemical data of supracrustal and granitic rocks: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 96, 102384. 10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102384.
  • Santosh, M., Hu, C.-N., He, X.-F., Li, -S.-S., Tsunogae, T., Shaji, E., and Indu, G., 2017, Neoproterozoic arc magmatism in the southern Madurai Block, India: Subduction, relamination, continental outbuilding, and the growth of Gondwana: Gondwana Research, 45, 1–42. 10.1016/j.gr.2016.12.009.
  • Santosh, M., Yang, Q.Y., Shaji, E., Tsunogae, T., Mohan, M.R., and Satyanarayanan, M., 2015, An exotic Mesoarchean microcontinent: The Coorg Block, southern India: Gondwana Research, 27(1), 165–195. 10.1016/j.gr.2013.10.005.
  • Shao, F., Niu, Y., Kong, J., Liu, Y., Wang, G., and Zhang, Y., 2021, Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Triassic rhyolites in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, northern Tibetan Plateau: Geoscience Frontiers, 12(6), 101243. 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101243.
  • Siégel, C., Bryan, S.E., Allen, C.M., and Gust, D.A., 2018, Use and abuse of zircon-based thermometers: A critical review and a recommended approach to identify antecrystic zircons: Earth-Science Reviews, 176, 87–116. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.08.011.
  • Stern, R.J., 2008, Neoproterozoic crustal growth: The solid earth system during a critical episode of Earth history: Gondwana Research, 14(1–2), 33–50. 10.1016/j.gr.2007.08.006.
  • Streckeisen, A., 1974, Classification and nomenclature of plutonic rocks recommendations of the IUGS subcommission on the systematics of igneous rocks: Geologische Rundschau: Band, 63, 773–786. 10.1007/BF01820841.
  • Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42(1), 313–345. 10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
  • Thieblemont, D., and Tegyey, M., 1994, Geochemical discrimination of differentiated magmatic rocks attesting for the variable origin and tectonic setting of calc-alkaline magmas: Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences: Serie II, 319, 87–94.
  • Tiepolo, M., Oberti, R., Zanetti, A., Vannucci, R., and Foley, S.F., 2007, Trace-element partitioning between amphibole and silicate melt: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 67(1), 417–452. 10.2138/rmg.2007.67.11.
  • Van Schmus, W.R., Brito Neves, B.B., Hackspacher, P.C., and Babinski, M., 1995, U–Pb and Sm–Nd geochronological studies of the Eastern Borborema Province, Northeast Brazil: Initial conclusions: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 8(3–4), 267–288. 10.1016/0895-9811(95)00013-6.
  • Watson, E.B., and Harrison, T.M., 1983, Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(2), 295–304. 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90211-X.
  • Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., and Chappell, B.W., 1987, A-type granites: Geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 95(4), 407–419. 10.1007/BF00402202.
  • Woakes, M., Rahaman, M.A., and Ajibade, A.C., 1987, Some metallogenetic features of the Nigerian basement: Journal of African Earth Scienes, 6, 655–664. 10.1016/0899-5362(87)90004-2.
  • Wright, J.B., and Ogezi, A.E., 1977, Serpentinites in the basement of NW Nigeria: Nigerian Journal of Mining and Geology, 14, 34–37.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.