A STUDY OF APPLE TREES EXPOSED TO THE FUNGICIDE AZOXYSTROBIN AND MIXTURE INTERACTIONS WITH SURFACTANTS

References

• Godwin , JR , Anthony , VM , Clough , JH and Godfrey , CRA . (1992) . “ICIA5504: a novel, broad spectrum, systemic B‐methoxyacrylate fungicide” . Proceedings Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Disease , 1 : 435 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency “Alert: azoxystrobin found to be phytotoxic to certain varieties of apples. Pesticide Education Program at Penn State” State College, PA, www.oested.nsu.edu. (1999)
   Google Scholar
• Syngenta Professional Products Label for Abound ® Flowable Fungicides (Wilmington, DE, 2002)
   Google Scholar
• Syngenta Professional Products Label for Heritage ® Flowable Fungicide (Wilmington, DE, 2002)
   Google Scholar
• Lalancette N Cowgill W Compton J Foster K “Sensitivity of apple cultivars to azoxystrobin fungicide” Proceedings of the 76th Cumberland‐Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference Nov 16–17, 2000 (Winchester, VA, 2000) pp. 141–146
   Google Scholar
• Landers , A . (2000) . “Drift reduction in the vineyards of New York and Pennsylvania” . Aspects of Applied Biology , 57 : 67 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• University of Illinois Extension Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News 5 No. 14 (College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Science, Urbana, IL, 1999)
   Google Scholar
• Oregon Department of Agriculture ODA Pesticide Quarterly Summer Issue Five (Oregon Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Division, Salem, OR, 1999)
   Google Scholar
• Gasiter TW Newsletter Extension: Managing strobilurin Fungicide Resistance in Fruit Crops 5 No. 5 (Ohio State University Extension Huron County, Norwalk, OH, February 16, 2001)
   Google Scholar
• Syngenta Crop Protection Label for Quardris ® Flowable Fungicide (Wilmington, DE, 2002)
   Google Scholar
• Racke KD “Pesticides for turfgrass pest management: uses and environmental issues” In: (J.M. Clark and M.P. Kenna eds.) Fate and Management of rurfgrass Chemicals (Oxford Press, Inc., Oxford, UK 2000)
   Google Scholar
• University of Missouri “Pollinating fruit crops G6001” (University Extension, Columbia, MO 65211, 1997)
   Google Scholar
• Westwood MN Temperature Zone Pomology: Physiology and Culture (Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1993)
   Google Scholar
• Bhatti , MA , Felsot , AS , Parker , R and Mink , G . (1998) . “Leaf photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, and growth of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L) after exposure to simulated chlorsulfuron drift” . J. Environ. Sci. Hlth , B33 : 67 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Felsot , AS , Bhatti , MA and Mink , GI . (1996) . “Using sentinel plants as biomonitors of herbicide drift and depositior?” . J. Environ. Sci. Hlth , B31 : 831 – 846 .
   Google Scholar
• Godish T Air Quality (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1997) pp 179–214
   Google Scholar
• Felsot , AS , Bhatti , MA , Mink , GI and Reisenauer , G . (1996) . “Biomonitoring with sentinel plants to assess exposure to nontarget crops to atmospheric deposition of herbicide residues” . Environ. Tox. Chem. , 15 : 452 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Lange , JH and Thomulka , KW . (1997) . “Use of the Vibrio harveyi toxicity test for evaluating mixture interactions of nitrobenzene and dinitrobenzene” . Ecotox. Environ. Saf. , 38 : 2 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marking , LL and Mauck , WL . (1975) . “Toxicity of paired mixtures of candidate forest insecticides to rainbow trout” . Bull. Environ. Cont. Tox. , 13 : 518 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haarmann F Lange JH Thomulka KW “A mixture toxicity study of cacodylic acid and glutaraldehyde using root elongation of radish and tomato seeds” International Journal of Environmental Studies (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Cooney JD “Freshwater tests” In: (G.M. Rand ed.) Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology Effects, Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment 2nd ed. (Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 1995) pp. 71–102
   Google Scholar
• Caux , PY , Kent , RA , Bergeron , V , Fan , GT and MacDonald , DD . (1995) . “Environmental fate and effects of MCOAC: A Canadian perspective” . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology , 25 : 313 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , JW , Vanner , AL , Richardson , B and Coker , G . (1996) . “Determination of the no observable effect level (NOEL) of four commonly used forestry herbicides on tomato's” . New Zealand Plant Protection Conference , 47 : 188 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Mercer , PC and Ruddock , A . (1998) . “Evaluation of Azoxystrobin and the range of conventional fungicides on yield, Septoria and senescence in winter wheat” . Ann. Applied Biol. , 132 : 24 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Tammes , PM . (1964) . “Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides” . Neth. J. Plant Path. , 70 : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenshield , JER and Putt , ED . (1958) . “The effect of 2,4‐D spray drift on sunflowers” . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 38 : 234 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Al‐Khatib , K , Mink , GL , Reisenauer , G , Parker , R , Westberg , H and Lamb , B . (1993) . “Development of a biologicallybased system for detection and tracking of airborne herbicides” . Weed Technol. , 7 : 404 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Hitch RK Kesson NB Jones AW “Intermediate range deposition of pesticides from aerial applications” In: (M.L. Leng, E.M. Leovey and P.L. Zubkoff eds.) Agrochemical Environmental Fate: State of Art (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1995) pp 209–213
   Google Scholar
• Vincent , P , Herve , F and Pierre , M . (1997) . “Atmospheric transport of pesticides II: field study” . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 58 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Costa DL Amdur MO “Air pollution” In: (C.D. Klaassen, ed.) Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons (McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY, 1996) pp. 857–852
   Google Scholar
• Haarmann , F and Lange , JH . (2000) . “Toxicity of sodium bisulfate, sodium oxalate and copper sulfate with three different water sources using a root elongation test” . Fresenius Environmental Bulletin , 9 : 172 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roques JF Study of the Sensitivity of Apple Trees to Azoxystrobin (SOPRA, Pemes, France, 1998) (in French)
   Google Scholar
• Terra industries, Inc. Riverside ® Adjuvant Technical Handbook (Sioux City, IA 51102, 1998)
   Google Scholar
• James , TK and Rahman , A . (1994) . “Effect of adjuvants and stage of growth on the efficacy of three sulfonylurea herbicides to grass weeds” . Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference , 47 : 11 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , ZQ and Zabkiewicz , JA . (2000) . “Uptake of glyphosate into wheat surfactant interaction and mechanistic implications” . New Zealand Plant Protection Conference , 53 : 345 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers JM Kaviock RJ “Developmental toxicology” In: (C.D. Klaassen ed.) Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons (McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY, 1996) pp. 301–331
   Google Scholar
• Marrs , RH , Frost , AJ , Plant , RA and Lunnis , P . (1993) . “Determination of buffer zones to protect seedlings of nontarget plants from the effects of glyphosate spray drift” . Agile. Ecosystems and Environ. , 45 : 283 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar