Alteration of the Rhanterium epapposum plant community in Kuwait and restoration measures

References

• Omar , S.A.S. , Misak , R. , Bhat , N.R. , Shahid , S.A. and Delima , E.C. 2003 . Assessing damage magnitude and recovery of the terrestrial ecosystem. Follow up of natural and induced recovery , Kuwait : Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research . Report No. KISR 7105
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , V. 1955 . The Wildflowers of Kuwait and Bahrain , 5 – 62 . London : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Kernick , M.D. 1966 . Plant Resources, Range Ecology and Fodder Plant Introduction Report to the Government of Kuwait, FAO, TA 181, Mimeograph
   Google Scholar
• Halwagy , R. and Halwagy , M. 1974 . Ecological studies on the desert of Kuwait. I: the physical environment . Journal of the University of Kuwait (Science) , 1 : 75 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. , Al Mutawa , Y. and Zaman , S. 2000 . Vegetation of Kuwait , 159 Kuwait : Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research .
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , V. and Macksad , A. 1973 . Plants of Kuwait , 12 – 18 . Kuwait : Ahmadi Natural History and Field Studies Group Kuwait .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. 1982 . Baseline information on native plants of Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Technical Report No. KISR 1790
   Google Scholar
• Boulis , L. and Al‐Dosari , M. 1994 . Checklist of the flora of Kuwait . Journal of the University of Kuwait (Science) , 21 : 203 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Halwagy , R. and Halwagy , M. 1974 . Ecological studies on the desert of Kuwait. II: the vegetation . Journal of the University of Kuwait (Science) , 1 : 87 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A. , Misak , R. , King , P. , Shahid , S. , Abo‐Rizq , H. , Grealish , G. and Roy , W. 2001 . Mapping the vegetation of Kuwait through reconnaissance soil survey . Journal of Arid Environments , 48 : 341 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesey‐FitzGerald , D.F. 1957 . The vegetation of eastern and central Arabia . Journal of Ecology , 45 : 779 – 798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman , S. 2006 . Establishment of seed bank unit for native plants of Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Report No. KISR 8536
   Google Scholar
• Stoddart , L.A. and Smith , A.D. 1955 . Range Management , 2nd edn , London : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Stoddart , L.A. , Smith , A.D. and Box , T.W. 1975 . Range Management , London : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Westoby , M. , Walker , B. and Noy‐Meir , I. 1989 . Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium . Journal of Range Management , 24 : 266 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A. , Alsudirawi , F. , Agrawal , V. , Hamdan , L. , Al‐Bakri , D. and Al‐Shuaibi , F. 1986 . Criteria for development and management of Kuwait’s First National Park/Nature Reserve Vol. 1 , Kuwait Inventory and zoning. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Report No. KISR 2164
   Google Scholar
• Khalaf , F.I. 1989 . Desertification and aeolian processes in the Kuwait desert . Journal of Arid Environments , 16 : 125 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. 2002 . Species richness, diversity and biomass production of desert annuals in an ungrazed Rhanterium epapposum community over three growth seasons in Kuwait . Plant Ecology , 165 : 53 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. 1990 . “ Desertification in the eastern region of Arabian Peninsula ” . California, , USA : University Microfilms International . The case study of Kuwait. PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. and Zaman , S. 1998 . “ Kuwait’s rangeland status, development, and research priorities ” . In Sustainable Development in Arid Zones: Management and Improvement of Desert Resources , Edited by: Omar , S.A.S. , Misak , R. , Al‐Ajmi , D. and Awadhi , N. Vol. 2 , 402 – 420 . The Netherlands : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. 1991 . Dynamics of range plants following 10 years of protection in arid rangeland in Kuwait . Journal of Arid Environments , 21 : 99 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman , S. 1997 . Effects of rainfall and grazing on vegetation yield and cover of two arid rangelands of Kuwait . Environmental Conservation , 24 : 344 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A. , Misak , R. , Shahid , S.A. , Malik , R. , Madouh , T. and Abo‐Rezq , H. 2001 . Rehabilitation and management of Kuwait’s rangelands for sustainable yield Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Report No. KISR 6087
   Google Scholar
• Razzaque , M.A. , Taha , F.K. and Sulaiman , A.R. 1990 . “ Performance of three breeds of Arabian sheep under Kuwait’s rangeland conditions ” . In Advances in Rangeland Management in Arid Zones , Edited by: Halwagy , R. , Taha , F.K. and Omar , S.A. 188 – 200 . London : Kegan Paul International .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , S.C. 1975 . Stocking strategies and net cattle sales on semi desert range , US Department of Agriculture . Forest Service Research Paper RM‐146
   Google Scholar
• Misak , R. , Al‐Awadhi , J.M. , Omar , S.A.S. and Shahid , S.A. 2002 . Soil degradation in Kabd area, southwestern Kuwait City . Land Degradation and Development , 13 : 403 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , H.M. and Gardner , H.R. 1963 . Penetration of cotton seedling taproots as influenced by bulk density, moisture content, and strength of soil . Soil Science , 96 : 153 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. and Schoknecht , N. 2001 . Off‐road vehicles and vegetation patterning in a degraded desert ecosystem in Kuwait . Journal of Arid Environments , 49 : 413 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulla , A.M.M. and Mahrous , F. 2001 . Recycling of municipal solid waste in the State of Kuwait . Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering , 26 : 3 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartam , N. , Al‐Mutairi , N. , Al‐Ghusain , I. and Alhumoud , J. . Recycling of construction and demolition wastes in Kuwait . Proceedings of Joint CSCE/ASCE International Conference: An International Perspective on Environmental Engineering . July 21–24 2002 , Niagara Falls, ON, Canada. pp. 1017 ISBN:0‐88955‐532‐X
   Google Scholar
• Alhumoud , Jasem M. 2002 . Solid waste management in Kuwait . Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management , 28 : 97 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A. , Shahid , S.A. , Misak , R. , Grealish , G. and Bhat , N. 2000 . Assessing damage magnitude and recovery of the terrestrial ecosystem/follow up of natural and induced desert recovery Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Report No. KISR 6088
   Google Scholar
• Zaman , S. 1998 . “ Impact of the Gulf War on Kuwait’s desert flora and soil ” . In Sustainable Development of Arid Zones: Assessment and Monitoring of Desert Ecosystems , Edited by: Omar , S.A.S. , Al‐Ajmi , D. , Misak , R. and Al‐Awadhi , N. Vol. 1 , 69 – 82 . The Netherlands : Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. and Zaman , S. . Post war rangeland status of Kuwait . Rangelands in Sustainable Biosphere: Proceedings of Fifth International Rangeland Congress . Edited by: West , N. E. pp. 414 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A. and Eldin , A.S. November 1990 . “ Range research casualty of Gulf Crisis ” . In Rrail Boss. Society of Range Management. Range Management November , News Supplement
   Google Scholar
• Zaman , S. and Alsdirawi , F. 1993 . Assessment of Gulf environmental crisis: impacts on Kuwait’s desert renewable natural resources Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Report No. KISR 4247
   Google Scholar
• Al‐Houty , W. , Abdal , M. and Zaman , S. 1993 . Preliminary assessment of Gulf War on Kuwait desert ecosystem . Journal of Environmental Science, Health , A28 : 1705 – 1726 .
   Google Scholar
• Malallah , G.A. , Afzal , M. , Attia , T.A. and Abraham , D. 1996 . Tapetal cell nuclear characteristics of some Kuwait desert plant . Cytologia , 61 : 259 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Malallah , G.A. , Afzal , M. , Gulshan , S. , Abraham , D. , Kurian , M. and Dhami , M.S.I. 1996 . Vicia faba as a bioindicator for oil pollution . Environmental Pollution , 92 : 213 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malallah , G.A. , Afzal , M. , Mutin , G. , Murin , A. and Abraham , D. 1997 . Genotoxicity of oil pollution of some species of Kuwaiti flora . Biologia , 52 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malallah , G.A. , Afzal , M. , Kurian , M. , Gulshan , S. and Dhami , M.S.I. 1998 . Impact of oil pollution on some desert plants . Environment International , 24 : 919 – 924 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IAEA . 2002 . International Atomic Energy Agency Executive Summary Report. Available online at: http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2003/13-571089.shtml accessed November 2007
   Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A. , Bhat , N.R. , Shahid , S.A. and Asem , A. 2005 . Land and vegetation degradation in war‐affected areas in the Sabah Al‐Ahmad Nature Reserve of Kuwait: a case study of Umm. Ar. Rimam . Journal of Arid Environments , 62 : 475 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al‐Awadhi , J.M. 2001 . Impact of gravel quarrying and urbanization on earth surface processes in Kuwait . Environmental Geology , 41 : 365 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar , S.A.S. , Madouh , T. , El‐Bagouri , I. , Al‐Musselem , Z. and Al‐Telaihi , H. 1998 . Land degradation in arid irrigated area: the case of Wafra in Kuwait . Land Degradation and Development , 9 : 283 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. and Al‐Mazrooei , S. 2003 . Rapid regeneration in a seriously degraded Rhanterium epapposum community in northern Kuwait after 4 years of protection . Journal of Arid Environments , 68 : 387 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. 2002 . Community composition and population dynamics in response to artificial rainfall in an undisturbed desert annual community in Kuwait . Basic Applied Ecology , 3 : 145 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Houerou , H. N. 1986 . “ The desert and arid zones of northern Africa ” . In Ecosystems of the World , Edited by: Evanari , M.I. , Noy‐Meir , I. and Goodall , D.W. 101 – 147 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Sudershan , C. , AboEl‐Nil , M. and Hussain , J. 2000 . Tissue culture technology for the conservation and propagation of certain native plants . Journal of Arid Environments , 54 : 133 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar