References
- Behrenfeld , M.J. , O’Malley , R.T. , Siegal , D.A. , McClain , C.R. , Sarmiento , J.L. , Feldman , G.C. , Milligar , A.J. , Falkowski , P.G. , Letelier , R.M. and Boss , E.S. 2006 . Climate‐driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity . Nature , 444 : 752 – 755 .
- Doney , S.C. 2006 . Plankton in a warmer world . Nature , 444 : 695 – 696 .
- Piontkovski , S.A. and Castellani , C. . Decline of zooplankton biomass in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean . 4th International Zooplankton Production Symposium . 28 May–1 June . pp. 209 Hiroshima, , Japan
- Wiafe , G. . Impact of climate change on long‐term zooplankton biomass in the Gulf of Guinea upwelling region . 4th International Zooplankton Production Symposium . 28 May–1 June . pp. 48 Hiroshima
- Laws , E.A. , Falkowski , P.G. , Smith , W.O. , Ducklow , H. and McCarthy , J.J. 2000 . Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 14 : 1231 – 1246 .
- Sarmiento , J.L. , Slater , R. , Barber , R. , Bopp , L. , Doney , S. , Hirst , A.C. , Kleypas , J. , Matear , R. , Mikolajewiecz , U. , Monfray , P. , Soldatov , V. , Spall , S.A. and Stouffer , R. 2004 . Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 18 GB3003, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002134
- Carton , J.A. , Cao , X. , Giese , B.S. and da Silva , A.M. 1996 . Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical Atlantic . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 26 : 1165 – 1175 .
- Zebiak , S.E. 1993 . Air‐sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region . Journal of Climate , 6 : 1567 – 1586 .
- Hu , Z.Z. and Huang , B. 2006 . Physical processes associated with the Tropical Atlantic SST Meridional gradient . Journal of Climate , 19 : 5500 – 5518 .
- Xie , S.R. and Philander , S.G.H. 1994 . A coupled ocean‐atmosphere model of relevance to the JTCZ in the eastern Pacific . Tellus , 46A : 340 – 350 .
- Servain , J. 1991 . Simple climatic indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications . Journal of Geophysical Research , 96 : 15137 – 15146 .
- Cayan , D. 1992 . Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: the connection to monthly atmospheric circulation . Journal of Climate , 5 : 354 – 369 .
- Lindezen , R.S. and Nigam , S. 1987 . On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low‐level winds and convergence in the tropics . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 44 : 2440 – 2458 .
- Glowienka‐Hense , R. 1990 . The North Atlantic oscillation in the Atlantic European SLP . Tellus , 42A : 497 – 507 .
- Hurrel , J.W. 1995 . Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation . Science , 269 : 676 – 679 .
- Rajagopalan , B. , Kushnir , Y. and Tourre , Y.M. 1988 . Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate variability . Geophysical Research Letters , 25 : 3967 – 3970 .
- Tourre , Y.M. , Rajagopalan , B. and Kushnir , Y. 1998 . Dominant patterns of climate variability in the Atlantic Ocean region during the last 136 years . Journal of Climate , 12 : 2285 – 2299 .
- Taylor , A.H. and Stephens , J.A. 1980 . Latitudinal displacements of the Gulf Stream (1966 to 1977) and their relation to changes in temperature and zooplankton abundance in the NE Atlantic . Oceanologica Acta , 3 : 145 – 149 .
- Available Online at: http://atmos.msrc.sunysb.edu/coa/data.shtml, (accessed 2 January 2009).
- Available Online at: http://poet.jpl.nasa.gov, (accessed 4 January 2009).
- WOD . 2001 . World Ocean 2001 Atlas, Objective Analyses and Statistics , Silver Spring, MD : US Department of Commerce. NOAA .
- Colebrook , J.M. 1976 . Trends in the climate of the North Atlantic Ocean over the past century . Nature , 263 : 576 – 577 .
- Huang , B. , Carton , J.A. and Shukla , J. 1995 . A numerical simulation of the variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, 1980–88 . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 25 : 835 – 854 .
- Levitus , S. , Antonov , J.I. , Boyer , T.P. and Stephens , C. 2000 . Warming of the World Ocean . Science , 287 : 2225 – 2229 .
- Hoerling , M.P. , Hurrell , J.W. and Xu , T. 2001 . Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change . Science , 292 : 90 – 92 .
- Beaugrand , G. 2004 . The North Sea regime shift: evidence, causes, mechanisms and consequences . Progress in Oceanography , 60 : 245 – 262 .