The green city: ideal and necessity

References

• Jain , A.K. 1996 . The Indian Megacity and Economic Reforms , New Delhi : Management Publishing Co. . pp. 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Jain , A.K. 1990 . The Making of a Metropolis: Planning and Growth of Delhi , New Delhi : National Book Organisation . p. 111: ‘Potential to generate employment has been the prime engine of urbanisation and for primacy of the cities. In metropolitan cities about 3 sq m. of space generates one job, while in agriculture 3 Ha of land resource is required per job’
   Google Scholar
• Irving , R.G. 1981 . Indian Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi , New Haven, CT and London : Yale University Press . Open spaces appear at pp. 72, 75, 76, 80, 89. Page 88f notes the garden city character of New Delhi. Naturally, the use of roundabouts for recreation was not envisaged when New Delhi was inaugurated in 1931
   Google Scholar
• Available at: www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtm. Since 2000, Sustainability and the Millennium Development Goals, collectively, but especially the eponymous Goal 7, ‘Ensure Environmental Sustainability’, have become common currency in environmental studies
   Google Scholar
• Meadows , D.H. , Meadows , D.L. , Randers , J. and Behrens , W.W. 1972 . The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind , London : Earth Island .
   Google Scholar
• Waddington, C.H., 1978, The Man-Made Future (London: Croom Helm). ‘Urbanisation’, pp. 142–76
   Google Scholar
• Waddington , C.H. 1977 . Tools for Thought , London : Jonathan Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Hardin , G. 1977 . The Limits of Altruism: An Ecologist’s View of Survival , Bloomington and London : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Basham, A.L., 1967, The Wonder that Was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-continent Before the Coming of the Muslims (London: Sidgwick & Jackson), 3rd rev. edn; first published 1954. Pages 200–207 concern towns.
   Google Scholar
• Abercrombie , P. 1945 . Greater London Plan 1944: A Report Prepared on Behalf of the Standing Conference on London Regional Planning by Professor Abercrombie at the Request of the Minister of Town and Country Planning , London : His Majesty’s Stationery Office . Between pp. 135 and 135 are figures 66–89. Figs 69–76 show Towns. The caption says ‘Within the Region lie many towns each with its own function, form and character. These qualities are often still discernible even in those towns which have been engulfed in the urban sprawl. To preserve them is a vital object of planning.’ No-one can say that this object has been honoured much in Britain, let alone Greater London. India should learn from British failure
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , A. , Chaudhary , D.R. , Reddy , M.P. , Rao , S.N. , Chikara , J. , Pandya , J.B. , Patolia , J.S. , Gandhi , M.R. , Adimurthy , S. , Vaghela , N. , Mishra , S. , Rathod , M.R. , Prakash , A.R. , Shethia , B.D. , Upadhyay , S.C. , Balakrishna , V. , Prakash , C.H.R. and Ghosh , P.K. 2007 . Prospects for jatropha methyl ester (biodiesel) in India . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 64 : 659 – 674 . This indicates the many uses of jatropha and its congruence with sustainability and the green city. The Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, was the first to produce a quality biodiesel from jatropha, and holds a US patent on it
   Google Scholar
• Mishra , P.R. , Pukazhselvan , D. , Hudson , M.S.L. , Pandey , S.K. and Srivastava , O.N. 2007 . Hydrogen energy in Indian context and R&D efforts at Banaras Hindu University . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 64 : 761 – 776 . BHU’s development of two-wheel and three-wheel vehicles and small cars should be an All-India effort
   Google Scholar
• Burnet , M. 1971 . Dominant Mammal: The Biology of Human Destiny , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Dubos , R. 1980 . Man Adapting , New Haven, CT and London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , E.O. 1978 . On Human Nature , Cambridge, MA and London : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• King, H., 1875, The Madras Manual of Hygiene (Madras, printed by E. Keys at the Govt. Press [sic]), p. 43: ‘A sufficient supply of water for drinking, cooking, cleanliness of bodies and of clothes and for keeping sewers in a proper sanitary condition is quite as essential to health as purity of air’
   Google Scholar
• India – Outbreak of Plague, 1897, Further Papers relating to the Outbreak of Plague in India; with statement showing the quarantine and other restrictions recently placed upon Indian trade up to May 1897. No 11 (In continuation of [C-8386] Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty (London: Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Eyre and Spottiswoode) [C-8511]. Pages 24–28 report the experiments of E.H. Hankin, Chemical Examiner and Bacteriolgist, North-West Provinces, on the vitality of the bubonic plague microbe in grain exports. Pages 41–45 report intervention to save victims and control plague in a Kumaun hamlet in 1876–7. The entire volume concerns both acts of this kind and control measures as such
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , D. 1950 . Surgeons Twoe and a Barber: Being Some Account of the Life and Work of the Indian Medical Service (1600–1947) , London : William Heinemann, Medical Books Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia , B.M. 1967 . Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India , London : Asia Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Philips , C.H. 1962 . The Evolution of India and Pakistan 1858 to 1947: Select Documents , London : Oxford University Press . Pp. 759–766, on the Child Marriage Restraint Act 1928
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri , N.C. 1965 . The Continent of Circe: An Essay on the Peoples of India , London : Chatto & Windus .
   Google Scholar
• Subhro Niyogi, 2008, Climate horror to be worse than Partition. Times of India, 26 March, p. 16
   Google Scholar
• Lovelock , J. 2006 . The Revenge of Gaia , London : Allen Lane .
   Google Scholar
• McKie, R., 2010, Climate change: science’s fresh fight to win over the sceptics. The Observer, 14 November
   Google Scholar
• Xiaojiang , Yu . 2010 . Biodiversity conservation in China: barriers and future actions . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 67 : 117 – 126 . The special issue on China permits the inference that the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party has made a transition to capitalism, with environment-conscious elements. But the situation of mankind is not one thing versus another with green bits
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , T. 1948 . Human Ecology: The Science of Social Adjustment , Glasgow : William Maclellellan . This examines fixed economic ideas which Robertson believes have almost wrecked Western Europe and concludes (pp. 507–511) that non-violence and the Hindu caste system have much to offer the West. N.B. the war cast a pall over Robertson’s thoughts as is clear passim; and his knowledge of India is not proportionate. Although Robertson was a physician, he uses an economic analysis. Thus, p. 127, he stigmatises interest. ‘Yet as the total debt enlarges, the interest rates always come down. This must be so, because what matters to the usurer is not the interest rates but the total interest payments made by the community. In so far as these are too large, the debt structure quickly becomes unmanageable’
   Google Scholar
• Available at: www.insolvencyhelpline.co.uk. The levels of debt in the United States resulting from the tax cuts favouring the rich under George W. Bush and the offering of easy home loans to the economically weak are a major cause of the recent world recession. To put this in Indian terms, one might say that if the Tribals or Economically Weaker urban citizens were offered mortgages to buy apartments at rates which depended on their being in secure salaried employment, the indebtedness of India would wreck the national affluence. Western credit card habits disguise acceptable indebtedness until the debts are called in, when poverty follows; mitigated in 2009 by the Bank of England’s ‘quantitative easing’ in line with Robertson’s point above
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , B. 1944 . Verdict on India , London : Jonathan Cape; Bombay, Thacker & Co Ltd . p. 246: ‘The money-lender is the real owner of the Indian land; generations of indebtedness have placed the peasants in a tragic position where the combined labour of their families is only just sufficient to meet the interest on transactions so ancient that they are lost in the mists of history. It is estimated that the farmers of India pay more to the money-lender by way of interest than to the Government as taxes. The average rate is 35 per cent per annum on a compound basis; 50 per cent is common and sometimes 75 per cent is charged.’ Nichols cites F.R. Moraes, The Story of India (Bombay: Noble Publishing House). Nichols continues: ‘This is an abuse that we should have eradicated at all costs. We have only trifled with it. In the Punjab, legislation has restricted the rate of interest on unsecured debts to 18 per cent [cf. current credit card rates!] and the Provincial Ministry in Madras passed a Rural Indebtedness Act which was admirably designed. Otherwise the situation stands much as it has stood for many centuries’
   Google Scholar
• Smith , V.A. 1958 . The Oxford History of India , Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 534–538, 636–644, 664, 734. Cf. Bhatia [Reference 19], pp. 298–306; and p. 15n
   Google Scholar
• Rajmani , L. 2008 . “ The Indian Way: exploring the synergies between development, energy and climate goals ” . In Beyond the Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition , Edited by: Zillman , D.N. , Redgewell , C. , Omorogbe , Y.O. and Barrera-Hernandez , L.K. 419 – 440 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vijayan , V.K. 2010 . Methyl isocyanate (MIC) exposure and its consequences on human health at Bhopal . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 67 : 637 – 653 .
   Google Scholar
• Pyrelal, 1958, Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House); Vol. I, February 1956; Vol. II, February 1958, p. 65. One of the last notes left by Gandhi, these words show his concern with village India. This criterion should apply worldwide
   Google Scholar
• Jain , A.K. 2010 . Humble, humane and harmonious houses of Laurie Baker . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 67 : 781 – 794 .
   Google Scholar
• Brett-Crowther , M.R. 1994 . “ The significance of Delhi (Foreword) ” . In The Cities of Delhi , Edited by: Jain , A.K. 1 – 8 . New Delhi : Management Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Brett-Crowther , M.R. 1989 . “ The renewal and conservation of Hyderabad: historical and cultural perspectives ” . In Urban Renewal: The Indian Experience , Edited by: Ravindra Prasad , D. 211 – 218 . New Delhi : Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Brett-Crowther, M.R., 2006, Review article. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 63, 102–105. This concerns two books: Holmes, R., 2005, Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914 (London: HarperCollins); and Brendon, V., 2005, Children of the Raj (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
   Google Scholar
• Alam , M. 1984 . “ The national settlement system of India ” . In Urbanization and Settlement Systems: International Perspectives , Edited by: Bourne , L.S. , Sinclair , R. and Dziewonski , K. 453 – 472 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Llewellyn-Jones , R. 1985 . A Fatal Friendship: The Nawabs, the British, and the City of Lucknow , Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huxley, A., 1963, The Politics of Ecology: The Question of Survival (Santa Barbara, CA: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions). These questions are not explicit, but Huxley discusses their causes passim
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson , M. 1970 . The Environmental Revolution: a Guide for the New Masters of the World , London : Hodder and Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Black , J. 1970 . The Dominion of Man: The Search for Ecological Responsibility , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eliade , M. 1968 . Myths, Dreams and Mysteries , London and Glasgow : Collins . p. 244, on the ‘obscure presentiment of the end of the world, or more exactly of the end of our world, our own civilization’
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , C.S. 1943 . The Abolition of Man: Reflections on Education with Special Reference to the Teaching of English in the Upper Forms of schools , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berdyaev , N. 1949 . The Divine and the Human , London : Geoffrey Bles .
   Google Scholar
• Dobzhansky , T. 1971 . The Biology of Ultimate Concern , London : Fontana .
   Google Scholar
• Teilhard de Chardin , P. 1964 . Le Milieu Divin: An Essay on the Interior Life , London : Fontana .
   Google Scholar
• Chryssavgis , J. 2007 . Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: insights into an Orthodox Christian worldview . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 64 : 9 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• HRH The Prince of Wales, Juniper, T. and Skelly, I, 2010, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (London: Blue Door)
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jaralla , R. and Al-Fares , R. 2009 . Quality of stormwater runoff in the State of Kuwait, Al-Asema governorate . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 66 : 227 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Al-Damkhi , M.A. , Al-Fares , R.A. , Al-Khalifa , K.A. and Abdul-Wahab , S.A. 2009 . Water issues in Kuwait: a future sustainable vision . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 66 : 619 – 636 .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , X. 2008 . Use of low quality water: an integrated approach to urban stormwater management (USM) in the Greater Metropolitan Region of Sydney (GMRS) . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 65 ( 1 ) : 119 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandeman , J. 2008 . The water crisis facing Australia . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 65 : 721 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Fickling, D., 2006, New water warnings for south-east England. The Guardian, 3 April.
   Google Scholar
• Available at: www.lenntech.com/water-shortage.htm. This is an excellent if unexpected analysis. Similar endeavours could perhaps strengthen the case for change in India
   Google Scholar
• See: Sunil Verma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: 1 The gas disaster; 2 Activism; 3 Illness; 4 References. [edit] The gas disaster. Born in Bhopal in 1972, the son of a carpenter, Verma lived in JP Nagar, … He had attempted suicide several times. He was finally diagnosed with … (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Verma)
   Google Scholar
• Our Mission, India Once Again A Buddhist Nation! According to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar, ‘what is called religion by Hindus is … In 1956 Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar became a Buddhist and in a mass-conversion … (www.jaibheem.com/). This is Vow 9 of the 22 Vows which Ambedkar accepted at his conversion (or as he would have said, his re-conversion) to Buddhism, Nagpur, 1956
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , S.R. 2006 . Life and Works of B.R. Ambedkar , Jaipur : Book Enclave . pp. 52–57, et passim. Ambedkar practised both ahimsa and satyagraha, and faced far worse problems than Gandhi faced. Yet, theirs is that kind of risk-taking which counts today; swaraj [Reference 32] has many consequences, and many obligations.
   Google Scholar