The Abuse of Amino Acids: Pseudoscientific Distortion of Legitimate Psychopharmacotherapies

References

• Wurtman, R.J., Hefti, E., & Melamed, E. (1981) Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmacological Reviews, 32, 315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S.N. (1986) The clinical psychopharmacology of tryptophan. In R.J. Wurtman & J.J. Wurtman (Eds.), Nutrition and the brain. Vol. 7, Food constituents affecting normal and abnormal behaviors. New York: Raven Press. Pp. 49–88.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider-Helmert, D., & Spinweber, C.L. (1986) Evaluation of L-tryptophan for treatment of insomnia: A review. Psychopharmacology, 89, 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, E., Lindsley, J.G., & Spinweber, C. (1983) Chronic insomnia: Effects of tryptophan, flurazepam, secobarbital, and placebo. Psychopharmacology, 80, 138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnoila, M., Viukari, M., Nummunen, A., & Auvinen, J. (1980) Efficacy and side effects of chloral hydrate and tryptophan as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric patients. International Pharmacopsychiatry, 15, 124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartmann, E., Cravens, J., & List, S. (1974) Hypnotic effects of L-tryptophan. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, J., Rankin, H., Ashcroft, G.W., Yates, C.M., McQueen, J.K., & Cummings, S.E. (1982) The treatment of depression in general practice: A comparison of L-tryptophan, amitriptyline, and a combination of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline with placebo. Psychological Medicine, 12, 741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppen, A., Shaw, D.M., & Farrell, J.P. (1963) Potentiation of the antidepressant effect of a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. Lancet, 1, 79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pare, C.B.M. (1963) Potentiation of monoamine-oxidase inhibitors by tryptophan. Lancet, 2, 527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman, A.H., & Platman, S.R. (1969) Potentiation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 7, 83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuso Gutierrez, J.L., & Lopez-Ibor Alino, J.J. (1971) Tryptophan and an MAOI (nialamide) in the treatment of depression: A double-blind study. International Pharmacopsychiatry, 6, 92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mira, M., & Abraham, S. (1989) L-Tryptophan as an adjunct to treatment of bulimia nervosa. Lancet, 2, 1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer, S., Dewart, D., Pollack, R., & Jackson, E. (1983) The effects of dietary tryptophan on chronic maxillofacial pain and experimental pain tolerance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morand, C., Young, S.N., & Ervin, F.R. (1983) Clinical response of aggressive schizophrenics to oral tryptophan. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillin, J.C., Kaplan, J.A., & Wyatt, R.J. (1976) Clinical effects of tryptophan in chronic schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry, 11, 635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S.N., & Gauthier, S. (1981) Effect of tryptophan administration on tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and indoleacetic acid in human lumbar and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 44, 323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, D.L., Baker, M., Goodwin, F.K., Miller, J., Kotin, J., & Bunney, W.E. (1974) L-Tryptophan in affective disorders: Indoleamine changes and differential clinical effects. Psychopharmacology, 34, 11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harper, A.E., Benevenga, N.J., & Wohlhueter, R.M. (1970) Effects of ingestion of disproportional amounts of amino acids. Physiological Reviews, 50, 428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullino, P., Winitz, M., Birnbaum, M., Cornfield, J., Otey, M.C., & Greenstein, J.P. (1956) Studies on the metabolism of amino acids and related compounds in vivo. 1. Toxicity of essential amino acids, individually and in mixtures, and the protective effects of L-arginine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 64, 319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourkes, T.L. (1983) Toxicology of monoamine precursors. In H.M. van Praag & J. Mendlewicz (Eds.), Advances in biological psychiatry. Basel: Karger. Vol. 10, pp. 160–75.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J.M., & Rubin, E.H. (1984) Case report of a toxic reaction from a combination of tryptophan and phenelzine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, W., & Fontaine, R. (1986) Toxic reaction following the combined administration of fluoxetine and L-tryptophan: Five case reports. Biological Psychiatry, 21, 1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida, O., Brown, R.R., & Bryan, G.T. (1971) A possible role of urinary metabolites of tryptophan in the heterotopic recurrence of bladder cancer in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 24, 848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, G.T. (1971) The role of urinary tryptophan metabolites in the etiology of bladder cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 24, 841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute (1978) Bioassay of L-tryptophan for possible carcinogenicity: National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series No. 71 (DHEW Publication No. [NIH]78-1321). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, D., & Shaw, S. (1982) Life extension: A practical scientific approach. New York: Warner Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, C. (1985) Amino acids book. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pollack, R.L. (1986) The pain-free tryptophan diet. New York: Warner Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenpreis, S., Balagot, R.C., Greenberg, J., Myles, S., & Ellyin, F. (1983) Analgesic and other pharmacological properties of D-phenylalanine. In S. Ehrenpreis, & F. Sicuteri (Eds.), Degradation of endogenous opioids: Its relevance in human pathology and therapy. New York: Raven Press. Pp. 171–87.
   Google Scholar
• Young, S.N. (1988) Facts and myths related to the use and regulation of phenylalanine and other amino acids. In R.J. Wurtman & E. Ritter-Walker (Eds.), Dietary phenylalanine and brain function. Boston: Birkhäuser. Pp. 341–47.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D.R., Reimherr, F.W., & Wender, P.H. (1985) Treatment of attention deficit disorder with DL-phenylalanine. Psychiatry Research, 16, 21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurtman, R.J., & Ritter-Walker, E. (Eds.) (1988) Dietary phenylalanine and brain function. Boston: Birkhäuser.
   Google Scholar
• Altman, P.L., & Dittmer, D.S. (Eds.) (1968) Metabolism. Bethesda: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Pp. 114–15.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, T.L., Tischler, B., Hansen, S., & MacDougal, L. (1967) A simple test for heterozygosity for phenylketonuria. Clinica Chimica Acta, 15, 47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jervis, G.A. (1960) Detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Clinica Chimica Acta, 5, 471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokuhisa, S., Saisu, K., Naruse, K., Yoshikawa, H, & Baba, S. (1981) Studies on phenylalanine metabolism by tracer techniques: IV. Biotransformation of D- and L-phe-nylalanine in man. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29, 514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, W.D., Theobald, N., Fischer, R., & Heinrich, H.C. (1983) Stereo-speci-ficity of phenylalanine plasma kinetics and hydroxylation in man following oral application of a stable isotope-labelled pseudo-racemic mixture of L- and D-phenylalanine. Clinica Chimica Acta, 128, 181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, T.J. (1988) Tyrosine and brain function. ISI Atlas of Science: Bio-Chemistry, 1, 150.
   Google Scholar
• Growdon, J.H., Melamed, E., Logue, M., Hefti, F., & Wurtman, R.J. (1982) Effects of oral L-tyrosine administration on CSF tyrosine and homovanillic acid levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Life Sciences, 30, 827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Praag, H.M. (1983) In search of the mode of action of antidepressants: 5- HTP/tyrosine mixtures in depression. Neuropharmacology, 22, 433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sole, M.J., Benedict, C.R., Myers, M.G., Leenen F.H.H., & Anderson, G.H. (1985) Chronic dietary tyrosine supplements do not affect mild essential hypertension. Hypertension, 7, 593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwes, R.D.C., Crewes, H., Chesterman, L.P., Summers, B., Jenner, P., Binnie, C.D., & Parkes, J.D. (1989) Treatment of narcolepsy with L-tyrosine: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2, 1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttler, F., Kuhl, C., Pedersen, L., & Paby, P. (1978) Effects of oral phenylalanine load on plasma glucagon, insulin, amino acid and glucose concentrations in man. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 38, 255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, B.S., Melamed, E., Growdon, J.H., & Wurtman, R.J. (1979) Elevation of plasma tyrosine after a single oral dose of L-tyrosine. Life Sciences, 25, 265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar