Stigmatization of People with Schizophrenia: Perspectives of Graduate Students in Various Healthcare Fields

REFERENCES

• Economou, M.; Richardson, C.; Gramandani, C.; Stalikas, A.; & Stefanis, C. (2009) Knowledge about schizophrenia and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia in Greece. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55, 361–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L.A.; Aliyu, M.H.; Lyons, P.D.; May, R.; Swanson, C.L.; Savage, R.; & Go, R.C. (2006) African-American community attitudes and perceptions toward schizophrenia and medical research: An exploratory study. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98(1), 18–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiderman, E.A.; Vazquez, G.; Berizzo, C.; Capria, J.I.; Ehrenhaus, B.; Guerrero, M.; et al. (2011) Public knowledge, beliefs and attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia: Buenos Aires. Social Psychiatry, 46, 281–290.
   Google Scholar
• Loch, A.A.; Hengartner, M.P.; Guarniero, F.B.; Lawson, F.L.; Wang, Y.; Garraz, W.F.; et al. (2013) The more information, the more negative stigma towards schizophrenia: Brazilian general population and psychiatrists compared. Psychiatry Research, 205(3), 185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirthalli, J., & Kumar, C.N. (2012) Stigma and disability in schizophrenia: Developing countries’ perspective. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(5), 423–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, Y.; Wolf, A.; & Wang, X. (2013) Experienced stigma and self-stigma in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35(1), 83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botha, U.A.; Koen, L.; & Niehaus, D.J. (2006) Perceptions of a South African schizophrenia population in regards to community attitudes towards their illness. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(8), 619–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assefa, D.; Shibre, T.; Asher, L.; & Fekadu, A. (2012) Internalized stigma among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional facility-based study. BMC Psychiatry, 12, ArtID 239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, P.R. (2012) Portrayals of schizophrenia by entertainment media: A content analysis of contemporary movies. Psychiatric Services, 63(7), 655–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornicroft, G.; Brohan, E.; Rose, D.; Sartorius, N.; & Leese, M. (2009) Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional survey. Lancet, 373(9661), 408–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vauth, R.; Kleim, B.; Wirtz, M.; & Corrigan, P.W. (2007) Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing. Psychiatry Research, 150, 71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucok, A.; Brohan, E.; Rose, D.; Sartorius, N.; Leese, M.; Yoon, C.K.; et al. (2012) Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(1), 77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teferra, S.; Hanlon, C.; Beyero, T.; Jacobsson, L.; & Shibre, T. (2013) Perspectives on reasons for non-adherence to medication in persons with schizophrenia in Ethiopia: A qualitative study of patients, caregivers and health workers. BMC Psychiatry, 13, ArtID 168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D.R.; Macias, C.; Barreira, P.J.; Fisher, W.H.; Hargreaves, W.A.; & Harding, C.M. (2004) Prevalence, severity, and co-occurrence of chronic physical health problems of persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 55(11), 1250–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magliano, L.; Read, J.; Rega, S.; Oliviero, N.; Sagliocchi, A.; Patalano, M.; & D’Ambrosio, A. (2011) The influence of causal explanations and diagnostic labeling on medical students’ views of schizophrenia. Academic Medicine, 86(9), 1155–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzawa, S.; Nosaki, A.; Yatabe, K.; Nagai, Y.; Tanaka, G.; Nakane, H.; & Nakane, Y. (2012) Study of understanding the internalized stigma of schizophrenia in psychiatric nurses in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 66, 113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori, H.; Richards, M.; Kawamoto, Y.; & Kunugi, H. (2011) Attitudes toward schizophrenia in the general population, psychiatric staff, physicians, and psychiatrists: A web-based survey in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 186(2–3), 183–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden, M., & Kavanagh, R. (2012) Attitudes of qualified vs. student mental health nurses towards an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1359–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini, G.; Pompili, M.; Haghighat, R.; Pucci, D.; Pastina, M.; Lester, D.; et al. (2011) Stigmatization of schizophrenia as perceived by nurses, medical doctors, medical students and patients. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18, 576–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loch, A.A.; Guarniero, F.B.; Lawson, F.L.; Hengartner, M.P.; Rossler, W.; Gattaz, W.F.; et al. (2013) Stigma toward schizophrenia: Do all psychiatrists behave the same?. Latent profile analysis of a national sample of psychiatrists in Brazil. BMC Psychiatry, 13, ArtID 92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couture, S.M., & Penn, D.L. (2003) Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 291–305.
   Google Scholar
• Economou, M.; Peppou, L.E.; Louki, E.; & Stefanis, C.N. (2012) Medical students’ beliefs and attitudes towards schizophrenia before and after undergraduate psychiatric training in Greece. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 66(1), 17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking, B. (2003) Reducing mental illness stigma and discrimination—Everybody’s business. The Medical Journal of Australia, 178(9), 47–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P. (1995) Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychological Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Antony, M.M.; Bieling, P.J.; Cox, P.J.; Enns, M.W.; & Swinson, R.P. (1998) Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995) Generalized self-efficacy scale. In Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio, ed. J. Weinman S. Wright, & M. Johnston 35–37. Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E.; Emmons, A.; Larsen, R.J.; & Griffin, S. (1985) The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008) The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 137–152.
   Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009) Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener, ed. E. Diener 101–117. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Braga, R.J.; Mendlozicz, M.V.; Marrocos, R.P.; & Figueira, I.L. (2005) Anxiety disorder in outpatients with schizophrenia: Prevalence and impact on the subjective quality of life. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39(4), 409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, D.; Gollust, S.E.; Golberstein, E.; & Hefner, J.L. (2007) Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnecke, A.; Baum, C.A.; Peer, J.R.; & Goreczny, A. (2014) Intercorrelations between individual personality factors and anxiety. College Student Journal, 48, 23–33.
   Google Scholar
• Angermeyer, M.C.; Matschinger, H.; & Corrigan, P.W. (2004) Familiarity with mental illness and social distance from people with schizophrenia and major depression: Testing a model using data from a representative population survey. Schizophrenia Research, 69(2), 175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, A.C.; Corrigan, P.; Larson, J.E.; & Sells, M. (2007) Self-stigma in people with mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(6), 1312–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn, D.L.; Chamberlin, C.; & Mueser, K.T. (2003) The effects of a documentary film about schizophrenia on psychiatric stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(2), 383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economou, M.; Louki, E.; Peppou, L.E.; Gramandani, C.; Yotis, L.; & Stefanis, C.N. (2012) Fighting psychiatric stigma in the classroom: The impact of an educational intervention on secondary school students’ attitudes to schizophrenia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(5), 544–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodlar, B., & Jorgensen, J.P. (2013) Could Socrates be diagnosed within the schizophrenia spectrum?. Could schizophrenia patients be considered in the light of Socratic insights? Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, 5(1), 17–25.
   Google Scholar
• George, B., & Klijn, A. (2013) A modern name for schizophrenia (PSS) would diminish self-stigma. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1555–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, B.; Richter-Werling, M.; Matschinger, H.; & Angermeyer, M.C. (2003) Crazy? So what! Effects of a school project on students’ attitudes. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavia, 107(2), 142–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galletly, C., & Burton, C. (2011) Improving medical student attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 473–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S.G.; Bennett, M.E.; Couture, S.M.; & Blanchard, J.J. (2012) Internalized stigma in schizophrenia: Relations with dysfunctional attitudes, symptoms, and quality of life. Psychiatry Research, 205, 43–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, I.C., & Wu, H.C. (2012) Quality of life and self-stigma in individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 83(4), 497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanos, P.T.; Roe, D.; Markus, K.; & Lysaker, P.H. (2008) Pathways between internalized stigma and outcomes related to recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Services, 59(12), 1437–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabban, A.; Morrison, T.; & Read, J. (2013) Renaming “schizophrenia”: A step too far or not far enough? Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1558–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta, F.J.; Aguilar, E.J.; Cejas, M.R.; & Gracia, R. (2013) Beliefs about illness and their relationship with hopelessness, depression, insight and suicide attempts in schizophrenia. Psychiatria Danubina, 25(1), 49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lysaker, P.H.; Roe, D.; Ringer, J.; Gilmore, E.M.; & Yanos, P.T. (2012) Change in self-stigma among persons with schizophrenia enrolled in rehabilitation: Associations with self-esteem and positive and emotional discomfort symptoms. Psychological Services, 9(3), 240–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Zeev, D.; Frounfelker, R.; Morris, S.B.; & Corrigan, P.W. (2012) Predictors of self-stigma in schizophrenia: New insights using mobile technologies. Journal of Dual Diagnoses, 8(4), 305–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, K., & Startup, M. (2013) The relationship between internalized stigma, negative symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Psychiatry Research, 206, 151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavelti, M.; Kvrgic, S.; Beck, E.M.; Rusch, N.; & Vauth, R. (2012) Self-stigma and its relationship with insight, demoralization, and clinical outcome among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35(5), 468–479.
   Google Scholar
• Lysaker, P.H.; Vohs, J.; Hillis, J.D.; Kukla, M.; Popolo, R.; Salvatore, G.; et al. (2013) Poor insight into schizophrenia: Contributing factors, consequences and emerging treatment approaches. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(7), 785–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prus, L.; Wiedl, K.H.; & Waldorf, M. (2012) Stigma as a predictor of insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 198(2), 187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrowclough, C.; Lobban, F.; Hatton, C.; & Quinn, J. (2001) An investigation of models of illness in carers of schizophrenia patients using the Illness Perception Questionnaire. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(4), 371–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaite, L.; Vazquez-Barquero, J.L.; Borra, C.; Ballesteros, J.; Schene, A.; Welcher, B.; et al. (2002) Quality of life in patients with schizophrenia in five European countries: The EPSILON study. Acta Psyciatrica Scandinavica, 105, 283–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritsner, M.; Ponizovsky, A.; Endicott, J.; Nechamkin, Y.; Rauchverger, B.; Silver, H.; et al. (2002) The impact of side-effects of antipsychotic agents on life satisfaction of schizophrenia patients: A naturalistic study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, L., & Miyake, K. (1992) Social comparison in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), 760–773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, L.H.; Lo, G.; WonPat-Borja, A.J.; Singla, D.R.; Link, B.G.; & Phillips, M.R. (2012) Effects of labeling and interpersonal contact upon attitudes towards schizophrenia: Implications for reducing mental illness stigma in urban China. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(9), 1459–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugihara, G., & Takei, N. (2013) Renaming schizophrenia coupled with proper education is an optimal way to overcome stigma. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1557–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y.S.; Kim, J.J.; & Kwon, J.S. (2013) Renaming schizophrenia in South Korea. The Lancet, 382(9893), 683–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittmannsberger, H. (2012) The diagnosis “schizophrenia”: Past, present and future. Psychiatria Danubina, 24(14), 408–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabanov, M.M. (2004) Stigma, compliance, and quality of life in psychiatric practice (in connection with the objectives of rehabilitation). International Journal of Mental Health, 33(3), 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Sibitz, I.; Unger, A.; Woppmann, A.; Zidek, T.; & Amering, M. (2011) Stigma resistance in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 316–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar