References
- Allen, R. E. S., & Wiles, J. L. (2016). A rose by any other name: Participants choosing research pseudonyms. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2015.1133746
- Aniekwu, N. I., & Atsenuwa, A. A. (2007). Sexual violence and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: An intimate Link. Local Environment, 12(3), 313–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830601098289
- Antoine, L. B., Pierre, L., & Page, J. B. (1990). Exclusion of blood donors by country of origin and discrimination against Black foreigners in the USA. AIDS, 4(8), 818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199008000-00018
- Baptiste, J. J. (2017, August 1). Les sénateurs mettent les bâtons dans les roues des homosexuels (The senators are inserting batons in the wheels of homosexuals). Le Nouveliste. https://lenouvelliste.com/article/174212/les-senateurs-mettent-les-batons-dans-les-roues-des-homosexuels
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). HIV and transgender communities. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/policies/cdc-hiv-transgender-brief.pdf
- Chakrapani, V., Lakshmi, P. V. M., Tsai, A. C., Vijin, P. P., Kumar, P., & Srinivas, V. (2019). The syndemic of violence victimisation, drug use, frequent alcohol use, and HIV transmission risk behaviour among men who have sex with men: Cross-sectional, population-based study in India. SSM – Population Health, 7, 100348–100311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100348
- Chakrapani, V., Vijin, P. P., Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Shunmugam, M., Sivasubramanian, M., & Samuel, M. (2017). Assessment of a “Transgender Identity Stigma” scale among trans women in India: Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1303417
- Chakrapani, V., Willie, T. C., Shunmugam, M., & Kershaw, T. S. (2019). Syndemic classes, stigma, and sexual risk among transgender women in India. AIDS and Behavior, 23(6), 1518–1529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2373-1
- Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Sage.
- Evens, E., Lanham, M., Santi, K., Cooke, J., Ridgeway, K., Morales, G., Parker, C., Brennan, C., Bruin, M., Desrosiers, P. C., Diaz, X., Drago, M., McLean, R., Mendizabal, M., Davis, D., Hershow, R. B., & Dayton, R. (2019). Experiences of gender-based violence among female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgender women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A qualitative study to inform HIV programming. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 9–14. https://bmcinthealthhumrights.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-019-0187-5
- Farmer, P. (2006). AIDS and accusation: Haiti and the geography of blame. University of California Press.
- Fonteyn, M. E., Vettese, M., Lancaster, D. R., & Bauer-Wu, S. (2008). Developing a codebook to guide content analysis of expressive writing transcripts. Applied Nursing Research, 21(3), 165–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2006.08.005
- Freitas, H., Oliveira, M., Jenkins, M., & Popjoy, O. (1998). The focus group, a qualitative research method. ISRC, Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore (MD, EUA), WP ISRC No. 010298.
- Gandhi, M., Spinelli, M. A., & Mayer, K. H. (2019). Addressing the sexually transmitted infection and HIV syndemic. The Journal of American Medical Association, 321(14), 1356–1358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.2945
- Global AIDS Update. (2019). Communities at the center: Defending rights, breaking barriers, reaching people with services. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019-global-AIDS-update_en.pdf
- Glynn, T. R., Safren, S. A., Carrico, A. W., Mendez, N. A., Duthely, L. M., Dale, S. K., Jones, D. L., Feaster, D. J., & Rodriguez, A. E. (2019). High levels of syndemics and their association with adherence, viral non-suppression, and biobehavioral transmission risk in Miami, a U.S. city with an HIV/AIDS Epidemic. AIDS and Behavior, 23(11), 2956–2965. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02619-0
- Haiti, L. (2019, August 14). Haiti – FLASH: Results of 9th AF exams, for the West department. https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-28489-haiti-flash-results-of-9th-af-exams-for-the-west-department.html
- Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2006). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 471–485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0146167205276516
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Pachankis, J. E., & Wolff, J. (2012). Religious climate and health risk behaviors in sexual minority youths: A population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 102(4), 657–663. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300517
- Hegarty, P. (2002). ‘It's not a choice, it's the way we're built’: Symbolic beliefs about sexual orientation in the US and Britain. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(3), 153–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.669
- Himmelgreen, D. A., Romero-Daza, N., Turkon, D., Watson, S., Okello-Uma, I., & Sellen, D. (2009). Addressing the HIV/AIDS-food insecurity syndemic in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 8(4), 401–412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2989/AJAR.2009.8.4.4.1041
- Hughto, J. M. W., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015). Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 222–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010
- Human Rights Campaign Foundation. Transgender people and HIV: What we know. https://www.hrc.org/resources/transgender-people-and-hiv-what-we-know
- Human Rights Watch. (2019). World report 2019: Haiti. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/haiti#e81181
- Jackman, K. B., Bosse, D. D., Eliason, M. J., & Hughes, T. L. (2019). Sexual and gender minority health research in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 67(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2018.10.006
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2020a). Global HIV & AIDS statistics —2020 fact sheet. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet#:∼:text=New%20HIV%20infections%20have%20been,3.7%20million%5D%20people%20in%201998.
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2020b). Country: Haiti. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/haiti
- Kidd, P. S., & Parshall, M. D. (2000). Getting the focus and the group: Enhancing analytical rigor in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 10(3), 293–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118453
- King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-8-70
- Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. SAGE.
- Leve, K. S. (2011). A brief overview of Cite Soleil. https://www.konbitsoleyleve.com/overview-of-cite-soleil
- Logie, C. H., Wang, Y., Marcus, N., Levermore, K., Jones, N., Ellis, T., & Bryan, N. (2019). Syndemic experiences, protective factors, and HIV vulnerabilities among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons in Jamaica. AIDS and Behavior, 23(6), 1530–1540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2377-x
- Marcelin, L. H., Page, B., Singer, M. Cité Soleil project. http://www.inured.org/uploads/2/5/2/6/25266591/cite_soleil_project.pdf
- Matsuzaka, S., & Koch, D. E. (2019). Trans feminine sexual violence experiences: The intersection of transphobia and misogyny. Affilia, 34(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109918790929
- Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118183
- Okafor, C. N., Christodoulou, J., Bantjes, J., Qondela, T., Stewart, J., Shoptaw, S., Tomlinson, M., & Rotherman-Borus, M. J. (2018). Understanding HIV risk behaviors among young men in South Africa: A syndemic approach. AIDS and Behavior, 22(12), 3962–3970. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2227-x
- Pachankis, J. E. (2018). The scientific pursuit of sexual and gender minority mental health treatments: Toward evidence-based affirmative practice. The American Psychologist, 73(9), 1207–1219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000357
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS. (2017). HIV prevention in the spotlight: an analysis from the perspective of the health sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/34381/9789275119792-eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y
- Patel, V., & Farmer, P. (2020). The moral case for global mental health delivery. The Lancet, 395(10218), 108–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33149-6
- Peters, M. M. (2016). ‘They wrote gay on her file’: Transgender Ugandans in HIV prevention and treatment. Cult Health Sex, 18(1), 84–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1060359
- Poteat, T., Scheim, A., Xavier, J., Reisner, S., & Baral, S. (2016). Global epidemiology of HIV infection and related syndemics affecting transgender people. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 72(3), S210–S219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001087
- Rabiee, F. (2004). Focus-group interview and data analysis. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 63(4), 655–660. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2004399
- Rahill, G. J., Ganapati, N. E., Clerisme, J. C., & Mukherji, A. (2014). Shelter recovery in urban Haiti after the earthquake: The dual role of social capital. Disasters, 38S, S73–S94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12053
- Rahill, G. J., Joshi, M., Galea, J., & Ollis, J. (2020). Experiences of sexual and gender minorities in an urban enclave of Haiti: Despised, beaten, stoned, stabbed, shot and raped. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 22(6), 690–704. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1628305
- Reisner, S. L., Poteat, T., Keatley, J., Cabral, M., Mothopeng, T., Dunham, E., Holland, C., Max, R., & Baral, S. D. (2016). Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: A review. The Lancet, 388(10042), 412–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00684-X
- Saint-Jean, G. (2018). From Middletown Haiti to US academia: The life struggles and successes of Gilbert Saint-Jean. Book Venture Publishing.
- SAKALA: Cité Soleil’s Youth Community Center. (2019). Cité Soleil. http://www.sakala-haiti.org/cite-soleil
- Scientific Software Development. (2013). ATLAS.ti user manual. Gmbh.
- Singer, M., Bulled, N., Ostrach, B., & Mendenhall, E. (2017). Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet, 389(10072), 941–948. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30003-X
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology: An overview. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (1st ed., pp. 273–284). SAGE.
- Torgan, A. (2019). Creating an oasis of hope in one of Haiti’s most dangerous neighborhoods. Cable News Network (CNN). https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/01/world/cnnheroes-daniel-tillias-sakala/index.html
- Tsai, A. C., & Burns, B. F. (2015). Syndemics of psychosocial problems and HIV risk: A systematic review of empirical tests of the disease interaction concept. Social Science & Medicine, 139, 26–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.024
- United Nations Development Programme. (2018). The sustainable goals: Sexual and gender minorities. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids/sexual-and-gender-minorities.html
- Volok, E. (2017, August 3). Haiti Senate passes bill that would Ban ‘Public Demonstration of Support for Homosexuality’. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/08/03/haiti-senate-passes-bill-that-would-ban-public-demonstration-of-support-for-homosexuality/
- Willman, A., & Marcelin, L. H. (2010, April 6). “If they could make us disappear, they would!”: Youth and violence in Cité Soleil, Haiti. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(4), 515–531. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20379
- World Bank. (2019). Haiti overview. 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview
- World Health Organization. (2017). Gender, equity, and human rights. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/news/20170329-health-and-sexual-diversity-faq.pdf?ua=1