References
- Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
- Bohmwald, K., Gálvez, N. M. S., Ríos, M., & Kalergis, A. M. (2018). Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 12, 386.
- Cénat, J. M., Mukunzi, J. N., Noorishad, P.-G., Rousseau, C., Derivois, D., & Bukaka, J. (2020). A systematic review of mental health programs among populations affected by the Ebola virus disease. J Psychosom Res, 131, 109966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109966
- Chu, C., Cheng, V., Hung, I., Wong, M., Chan, K., Chan, K., Kao, R., Poon, L., Wong, C., & Guan, Y. (2004). Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax, 59(3), 252–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.2003.012658
- Conrad, R., Rayala, H., Menon, M., & Vora, K. (2020). Universities’ response to supporting mental health of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric Times.
- Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2012). Generalized anxiety and C-reactive protein levels: a prospective, longitudinal analysis. Psychological Medicine, 42(12), 2641–2650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000554
- Danner, M., Kasl, S. V., Abramson, J. L., & Vaccarino V. (2003). Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 347–356.
- DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(14), 2101–2107.
- Fernández, R. S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N. M., Allegri, R. F., & Pedreira, M. E. (2020). Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: Latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 75–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.133
- Heimfarth, L., Serafini, M. R., Martins-Filho, P. R. S., Quintans, J. S. S., & Júnior, L. J. Q. (2020). Drug repurposing and cytokine management in response to COVID-19: A review. International Immunopharmacology, 88, 106947. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106947
- Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b
- Hsuchou, H., Kastin, A. J., Mishra, P. K., & Pan, W. (2012). C-reactive protein increases BBB permeability: Implications for obesity and neuroinflammation. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 30(5), 1109–1119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000343302.
- Jasti, M., Nalleballe, K., Dandu, V., & Onteddu, S. (2021). A review of pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19. Journal of Neurology, 268(6), 2007–2006. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09950-w
- Jegede, O., Anand Raman, A., Tiongson, B., Garlapati, P. R., Hershberger, J., & Gayam, V. (2021). Clinical characteristics, hospital course, and outcomes among COVID-19 positive patients with mental illness in a community hospital in New York City. International Journal of Mental Health, 50(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2020.1845567
- Krafona, K., & Appiah-Boateng, S. (2017). Reliability and factor structure of the IES-R among victims of violent conflict in a rural Ghana. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(5), 81–89.
- Kukihara, H., Yamawaki, N., Uchiyama, K., Arai, S., & Horikawa, E. (2014). Trauma, depression, and resilience of earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster survivors of Hirono, Fukushima, Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68(7), 524–533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12159
- Lam, M. H.-B., Wing, Y.-K., Yu, M. W.-M., Leung, C.-M., Ma, R. C., Kong, A. P., So, W., Fong, S. Y.-Y., & Lam, S.-P. (2009). Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: Long-term follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(22), 2142–2147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384
- Lee, S. H., Shin, H.-S., Park, H. Y., Kim, J. L., Lee, J. J., Lee, H., Won, S.-D., & Han, W. (2019). Depression as a mediator of chronic fatigue and post-traumatic stress symptoms in Middle East respiratory syndrome survivors. Psychiatry Investigation, 16(1), 59–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2018.10.22.3
- Lyness, J. M., Caine, E. D., King, D. A., Cox, C., & Yoediono, Z. (1999). Psychiatric disorders in older primary care patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 14(4), 249–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.00326.x
- Mak, I. W. C., Chu, C. M., Pan, P. C., Yiu, M. G. C., & Chan, V. L. (2009). Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(4), 318–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001.
- Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Miao, X., Li, Y., & Hu, B. (2020). Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurology, 77 (6), 683–689. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
- Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., & Benedetti, F., COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study Group. (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 594–600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037
- Muniz Carvalho, C., Wendt, F. R., Maihofer, A. X., Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Sumner, J. A., Hemmings, S. M. J., Nievergelt, C. M., Koenen, K. C., Gelernter, J., Belangero, S. I., & Polimanti, R. (2021). Dissecting the genetic association of C-reactive protein with PTSD, traumatic events, and social support. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46(6), 1071–1077. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0655-6
- O'Donovan, A., Neylan, T. C., Metzler, T., & Cohen, B. E. (2012). Lifetime exposure to traumatic psychological stress is associated with elevated inflammation in the Heart and Soul Study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(4), 642–649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.003
- Passos, I. C., Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., Costa, L. G., Kunz, M., Brietzke, E., Quevedo, J., Salum, G., Magalhães, P. V., Kapczinski, F., & Kauer-Sant'Anna, M. (2015). Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1002–1012. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00309-0
- Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 611–627. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
- Seligman, M. E., & Binik, Y. (1977). The safety signal hypothesis. Operant-Pavlovian Interactions (1st ed., pp. 165–187). Routledge.
- Sheng, B., Cheng, S. K. W., Lau, K. K., Li, H. L., & Chan, E. L. Y. (2005). The effects of disease severity, use of corticosteroids and social factors on neuropsychiatric complaints in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients at acute and convalescent phases. European Psychiatry, 20(3), 236–242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.023
- Sproston, N. R., & Ashworth, J. J. (2018). Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754
- Stringhini, S., Polidoro, S., Sacerdote, C., Kelly, R. S., van Veldhoven, K., Agnoli, C., Grioni, S., Tumino, R., Giurdanella, M. C., Panico, S., Mattiello, A., Palli, D., Masala, G., Gallo, V., Castagné, R., Paccaud, F., Campanella, G., Chadeau-Hyam, M., & Vineis, P. (2015). Life-course socioeconomic status and DNA methylation of genes regulating inflammation. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(4), 1320–1330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv060
- Torales, J., O'Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
- Vigneau, F., & Cormier, S. (2008). The factor structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: an alternative view. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 280–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701885027
- Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 531–542. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
- Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Hashimoto, K., Yang, L., Liu, C., & Yang, C. (2020). Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 18–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031
- Xu, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, M., Zhao, J., Zhan, Q., Fu, M., Wang, Q., Xiao, J., & Cheng, Y. (2011). Predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress in Chinese university students during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Medical Science Monitor, 17(7), PH60–PH64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.881836
- Zung, W. W. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008