Corollary-And Discrepancy-Based Approaches for Examining the Appropriateness of Premorbid Cognitive Estimation in Geriatric Schizophrenia

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV TR, 2000), , et al. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 2000
   Google Scholar
• Benton A. L., Hamsher K. Multilingual Aphasia Examination, , et al. AJA Associates, Iowa City, Iowa 1989
   Google Scholar
• Bowie C. R., Harvey P. D., Moriarty P. J., Parrella M., White L., Mohs R. C., et al. Cognitive assessment of geriatric schizophrenic patients with severe impairment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2002; 17: 611–623
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braff D. L., Heaton R., Kuck J., Cullum M., Moranville J., Grant I., et al. The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin card sorting test results. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991; 48: 891–898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman L. J., Chapman J. P. When should schizophrenic and normal groups be compared?. Journal of Psychiatry Research 1978; 14: 321–325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalby J. T., Williams R. Preserved reading and spelling ability in psychotic disorders. Psychological Medicine 1986; 16: 171–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson M., Harvey P. D., Powchik P., Parrella M., White L., Knobler H. Y., et al. Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 197–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeQuardo J. R., Goldman R. S., Tandon R., McGrath-Giroux M., Kim L. Comparison of indices of premorbid function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1995; 15: 283–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First M. B., Spitzer R. L., Gibbon M., Williams J. B. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder: Patient Edition (SCID-I/P), , et al. Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 1995
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan J. L., Jackson S. T. Test-retest reliability of three aphasia tests: Performance of non-brain-damaged older adults. Journal of Communication Disorders 1997; 30: 33–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein M. F., Folstein S. E., McHugh P. R. “Mini mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975; 12: 189–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman J. I., Harvey P. D., Coleman T., Moriarty P. J., Bowie C., Parrella M., et al. Six-year follow-up of cognitive and functional status across the lifespan in schizophrenia: A comparison with Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1441–1448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman J. I., Harvey P. D., McGurk S. R., White L., Parrella M., Raykov T., et al. Correlates of change in functional status of institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients: Focus on medical comorbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1388–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey P. D., Bertisch H., Friedman J. I., Marcus S., Parrella M., White L., et al. The course of functional decline in geriatric patients with schizophrenia: Cognitive-functional and clinical symptoms as determinants of change. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003; 11: 610–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey P. D., Davidson M., Powchik P., Parrella M., White L., Mohs R. C. Assessment of dementia in elderly schizophrenics with structured rating scales. Schizophrenia Research 1992; 7: 85–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey P. D., Friedman J. I., Bowie C., Reichenberg A., McGurk S., Parrella M., et al. Validity and stability of performance-based estimates of premorbid educational functioning in older patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2006; 28: 178–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey P. D., Moriarty P. J., Friedman J. I., White L., Parrella M., Mohs R. C., et al. Differential preservation of cognitive functions in geriatric patients with lifelong chronic schizophrenia: Less impairment in reading compared with other skill areas. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 47: 962–968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey P. D., Parrella M., White L., Mohs R. C., Davidson M., Davis K. L. Convergence of cognitive and adaptive decline in late-life schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 35: 77–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey P. D., Silverman J. M., Mohs R. C., Parrella M., White L., Powchik P., et al. Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 32–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton R. K., Gladsjo J. A., Palmer B. W., Kuck J., Marcotte T. D., Jeste D. V. Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 24–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff A. L., Harris D., Faustman W. O., Beal M., DeVilliers D., Mone R. D., et al. A neuropsychological study of early onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 20: 21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson G. L. Interpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2001; 16: 183–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juby A., Tench S., Baker V. The value of clock drawing in identifying executive cognitive dysfunction in people with a normal Mini-Mental State Examination score. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2002; 167: 859–864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan E., Goodglass H., Weintraub S. The Boston Naming Test: Experimental Edition, , et al. Lea and Febinger, Boston, MA 1978
   Google Scholar
• McKhann G., Drachman D., Folstein M., Katzman R., Price D., Stadlin E. M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939–944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Carroll R., Walker M., Dunan J., Murray C., Blackwood D., Ebmeier K. P., et al. Selecting controls for schizophrenia research studies: The use of the national adult reading test (NART) is a measure of premorbid ability. Schizophrenia Research 1992; 8: 137–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz S. Structural cerebral pathology in schizophrenia: Regional or diffuse?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993; 102: 445–452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruff R. M., Light R. H., Parker S. B. Benton Controlled Oral Word Association Test: Reliability and updated norms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1996; 11: 329–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen O., Strauss E. General intellectual ability and assessment of premorbid intelligence. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary., , et al. Oxford University Press, New York 1991; 17–21
   Google Scholar
• The Lund and Manchester Groups. Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1994; 57: 416–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh T. N. Test-retest reliable coefficients and 5-year change scores for the MMSE and 3MS. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2005; 20: 485–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy J. I., McGrory A. C., Josiassen R. C., Monaco C. A. A comparison of reading and demographic-based estimates of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 22: 103–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition: Administration and Scoring Manual, , et al. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1997
   Google Scholar
• Zakzanis K. K., Leach L., Kaplan E. Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis: Studies on Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition Series Three, , et al. Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, AmsterdamThe Netherlands 1999
   Google Scholar
• Zorrilla L. T. E. Cross-sectional study of older outpatients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects: No differences in age-related cognitive decline. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1324–1326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar