Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and detailed comprehension

References

• Abdelhady M, Elsotouhy A, Vattoth S. Acute flaccid myelitis in COVID-19. BJR Case Rep. 2020;6. 6(3): 20200098.doi: 10.1259/bjrcr.20200098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullahi A, Candan S, Abba M, et al. 2020. Neurological and musculoskeletal features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiersin.Org. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2020.00687/full?report=reader.
   Google Scholar
• Abenza-Abildúa MJ, Ramírez-Prieto MT, Moreno-Zabaleta R, et al. Neurological complications in critical patients with COVID-19. Neurología. 2020;35(9):621–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouhashem S, Eldawoody H, Taha MM. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 infection. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021;24:101091.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agarwal A, Pinho M, Raj K, et al. Neurological emergencies associated with COVID-19: stroke and beyond. Emerg Radiol. 2020;27(6):747–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosti E, Giorgianni A, D’Amore F, et al. Is Guillain-Barrè syndrome triggered by SARS-CoV-2? Case report and literature review. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(2):607–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Águila-Gordo D, Manuel Flores-Barragán J, Ferragut-Lloret F, et al. Acute myelitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. A new etiology of myelitis?J Clin Neurosci. 2020;80:280–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akilli NB, Yosunkaya A. Part of the Covid19 puzzle: Acute parkinsonism. Am J Emerg Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJEM.2021.02.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Olama M, Rashid A, Garozzo D. COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis complicated with intracranial hemorrhage: a case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(7):1495–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mazrouei SS, Saeed GA, Al Helali AA, et al. COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: Neurological manifestation of COVID-19. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(9):1646–1649.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AlKetbi R, AlNuaimi D, AlMulla M, et al. Acute myelitis as a neurological complication of covid-19: a case report and MRI findings. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(9):1591–1595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sotoca J, et al. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020;9:100163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ameer N, Shekhda KM, Cheesman A. Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting with COVID-19 infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(9):e236978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antonio M’Endez-Guerrero M, Mar’Ia Isabel Laespada-Garc’Ia M, Adolfo Gomez-Grande M, et al. 2020. Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010282
   Google Scholar
• Assini A, Gandoglia I, Damato V, et al. Myasthenia gravis associated with anti-MuSK antibodies developed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. European J Neurol. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1111/ENE.14721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglini D, Santori G, Chandraptham K, et al. Neurological complications and noninvasive multimodal neuromonitoring in critically ill mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Front Neurol. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.602114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bchetnia M, Girard C, Duchaine C, et al. The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a review of the current global status. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(11):1601–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borroni B, Gazzina S, Dono F, et al. Diaphragmatic myoclonus due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(12):3471–3474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campiglio L, Priori A. Neurological symptoms in acute COVID-19 infected patients: a survey among Italian physicians. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0238159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Ojha R, Pedro LD, et al. 2020. Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity.
   Google Scholar
• Chachkhiani D, Soliman MY, Barua D, et al. Neurological complications in a predominantly African American sample of COVID-19 predict worse outcomes during hospitalization. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;197:106173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Toprani S, Werbaneth K, et al. Status epilepticus and other EEG findings in patients with COVID-19: a case series. Seizure Eur J Epilepsy. 2020;81:198–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia KX, Polakhare S, Bruno SD. Possible affective cognitive cerebellar syndrome in a young patient with COVID-19 CNS vasculopathy and stroke. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(10):e237926.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chougar L, Shor N, Weiss N, et al. Retrospective observational study of brain MRI findings in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurologic manifestations. Radiology. 2020;297(3):E313–E323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow CCN, Magnussen J, Ip J, et al. Acute transverse myelitis in COVID-19 infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(8):e236720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen ME, Eichel R, Steiner-Birmanns B, et al. 2020. A case of probable Parkinson’s disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection. (20)30305-7
   Google Scholar
• Colonna S, Sciumé L, Giarda F, et al. Case report: Postacute rehabilitation of Guillain-Barré syndrome and cerebral Vasculitis-Like pattern accompanied by SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Neurol. 2021;11:602554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin J, Frosch MP, Mukerji S, et al. Cerebral microvascular injury in severe COVID-19. 2020. medRxiv.
   Google Scholar
• Daly JL, Simonetti B, Klein K, et al. 2020. Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. http://science.sciencemag.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Davies J, Randeva HS, Chatha K, et al. Neuropilin‑1 as a new potential SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediator implicated in the neurologic features and Central nervous system involvement of COVID‑19. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22(5):4221–4226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delorme C, Paccoud O, Kas A, et al. COVID-19-related encephalopathy: a case series with brain FDG-positron-emission tomography/computed tomography findings. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(12):2651–2657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra F, Van den Bossche T, Willekens B, et al. Myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia following COVID-19. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020;7(8):974–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Nahas N, Roushdy T, Hamid E, et al. A case series of ischemic stroke with coronavirus disease 2019 in two Egyptian centers. Egypt J Neurol Psych Neurosurg. 2020;56(1). doi: 10.1186/s41983-020-00259-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esakandari H, Nabi-Afjadi M, Fakkari-Afjadi J, et al. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics. Biol Proced Online. 2020;22(1):19–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber I, Renato Brandão PP, Menegatti F, et al. 2020. Covid-19 and Parkinsonism: A non-post-encephalitic case. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28277
   Google Scholar
• Fitsiori A, Pugin D, Thieffry C, et al. 2020. COVID-19 is associated with an unusual pattern of brain microbleeds in critically ill patients. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12755
   Google Scholar
• Fornai F, Boesmans W, Tenenbaum T, et al. 2020. Citation: Histological evidence for the enteric nervous system and the choroid plexus as alternative routes of neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2020.596439
   Google Scholar
• Foucard C, San-Galli A, Tarrano C, et al. Acute cerebellar ataxia and myoclonus with or without opsoclonus: a parainfectious syndrome associated with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol. 2021; doi: 10.1111/ene.14726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg R, Jain R, Sodani A, et al . Neurological symptoms as initial manifestation of Covid-19 – An observational study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23(4):482–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaffari M, Ansari H, Beladimoghadam N, et al. Neurological features and outcome in COVID-19: dementia can predict severe disease. J Neurovirol. 2021;27(1):86–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta NA, Lien C, Iv M. Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds in severe COVID-19 infection. Clin Imaging. 2020;68:239–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis M, et al. Rapid communication tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, et al. Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama T, Hongo Y, Kaida K, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 in Japan. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(10):e239218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang Y, Yang C, Xu X-F, et al. Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(9):1141–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iltaf S, Fatima M, Salman S, et al. Frequency of neurological presentations of coronavirus disease in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. Cureus. 2020.12(8): e9846. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacem I, Gharbi A, Harizi C, et al. Characteristics, onset, and evolution of neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(1):39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R, Wang K, Yu J, et al. The spatial and Cell-Type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains. Front Neurol. 2021;11:573095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal YM, Abdelmajid Y, Al Madani AAR. Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(9):e237378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karadaş Ö, Öztürk B, Sonkaya AR. A prospective clinical study of detailed neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(8):1991–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kas A, Soret M, Pyatigoskaya N, et al. The cerebral network of COVID-19-related encephalopathy: a longitudinal voxel-based 18F-FDG-PET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48(8):2543–2557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatoon F, Prasad K, Kumar V. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: available evidences and a new paradigm. J NeuroVirol. 2020. 26(5):619-630.doi: 10.1007/s13365-020-00895-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutroumanidis M, Gratwicke J, Sharma S, et al. Alpha coma EEG pattern in patients with severe COVID-19 related encephalopathy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;132(1):218–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krett JD, Jewett GAE, Elton-Lacasse C, et al. 2020. Hemorrhagic encephalopathy associated with COVID-19. J Neuroimmunol. 2020;346:577326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushwaha S, Seth V, Bapat P, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19-do we know enough: A tertiary care hospital based study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:588879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe A, Winschel A, Lang C, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2. Neurol Res Pract. 2020;2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00066-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lersy F, Benotmane I, Helms J, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid features in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and neurological manifestations: Correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in 58 patients. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(4):600–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liguori C, Pierantozzi M, Spanetta M, et al. 2020. Subjective neurological symptoms frequently occur in patients with SARS-CoV2 infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.037
   Google Scholar
• Lima MA, Silva MTT, Soares CN, et al. Peripheral facial nerve palsy associated with COVID-19. J Neurovirol. 2020;26(6):941–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londhe P, Guttridge DC. 2015. Inflammation induced loss of skeletal muscle..
   Google Scholar
• Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource Centre with free information in English and mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource Centre is hosted on Elsevier connect, the company’s public news and information. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:254–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowery MM, Taimur Malik M, Seemiller J, et al. Atypical variant of Guillain barre syndrome in a patient with COVID-19. J Critic Care Med. 2020;6(4):231–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luigetti M, Iorio R, Bentivoglio AR, et al. Assessment of neurological manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(11):2322–2328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makda A, Kumar S, Kumar A, et al. The frequency of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Cureus. 2020. 12(9):e10360. doi: 10.7759/cureus.10360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manganotti P, Bellavita G, Laura D’acunto |, Tommasini V, et al. Clinical neurophysiology and cerebrospinal liquor analysis to detect Guillain-Barré syndrome and polyneuritis Cranialis in COVID-19 patients: a case series. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):766–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Membrilla JA, Lorenzo D, Sastre M, et al. 2020. Headache as a cardinal symptom of coronavirus disease 2019: a cross-sectional study. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13967
   Google Scholar
• Mowla A, Shakibajahromi B, Shahjouei S, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with SARS-CoV-2; amultinational case series. J Neurol Sci. 2020;419:117183–117185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalleballe K, Reddy Onteddu S, Sharma R, et al. 2019. Spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations in COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.020
   Google Scholar
• Naz S, Hanif M, Haider MA, et al. Meningitis as an initial presentation of COVID-19: a case report. Front Public Health. 2020;8:474. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepal G, Rehrig JH, Shrestha GS, et al. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2020;24(1) doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norouzi M, Miar P, Norouzi S, et al. 2021. Nervous system involvement in COVID-19: a review of the current knowledge. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02347-4
   Google Scholar
• Nuzzo D, Picone P. 2020. Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection. Neurosci Res. 158:1–5.doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwajei F, Anand P, Abdalkader M, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thromboses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Three cases and a review of the literature. 2020; J stroke cerebrovasdcular disease. 12(8):e9846. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105412.
   Google Scholar
• Parauda SC, Gao V, Gewirtz AN, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patients with COVID-19. J Neurol Sci. 2020;416:117019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov V, Beylerli O, Gareev I, et al. COVID-19-Related intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12 12:600172. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.600172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin P, Collongues N, Baloglu S, et al. Cytokine release syndrome-associated encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(1):248–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrescu A-M, Taussig D, Bouilleret V. Electroencephalogram (EEG) in COVID-19: a systematic retrospective study. Neurophysiol Clin. 2020;50(3):155–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun C, Raman R, Simpson B-GK, et al. 2021. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30552-X
   Google Scholar
• Pilotto A, Masciocchi S, Volonghi I, et al. 2020a. SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis is a cytokine release syndrome: evidences from cerebrospinal fluid analyses. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1933/6062486
   Google Scholar
• Pilotto A, Odolini S, Masciocchi S, et al. 2020b. Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Povlow A, Auerbach AJ. 2020. Selected topics: Neurological emergencies acute cerebellar ataxia in covid-19 infection: a case report. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.010
   Google Scholar
• Prasad A, Kataria S, Srivastava S, et al. Multiple embolic stroke on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in a COVID-19 case with persistent encephalopathy. Clin Imaging. 2021;69:285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Princiotta Cariddi L, Tabaee Damavandi P, Carimati F, et al. Reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a COVID-19 patient. J Neurol. 2020;267(11):3157–3160. November 1). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada JA, López-Pineda A, Gil-Guillén VF, et al. Revista clínica española incubation period of COVID-19: a systematic review and Meta-analysis PALABRAS CLAVE coronavirus; período de incubación de enfermedades infecciosas. Salud Pública. Revista Clínica Española. 2021;221. www.elsevier.es/rce221(2):109–117.doi: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.08.005.
   Google Scholar
• Rábano-Suárez P, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Méndez-Guerrero A, et al. 2020. Generalized myoclonus in COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009829
   Google Scholar
• Rifino N, Censori B, Agazzi E, et al. Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to papa giovanni XXIII hospital, bergamo, Italy. J Neurol. 2020; 1–8.doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10251-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar SBA, Haider MA, Zia Z, et al. Clinical, radiological, and molecular findings of acute encephalitis in a COVID-19 patient: a rare case report. Cureus. 2020; 12(9):e10650.doi: 10.7759/cureus.10650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidl E, Diez Canseco D, Hadji-Naumov A, et al. 2020. Guillain-Barré syndrome during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A case report and review of recent literature. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12382
   Google Scholar
• Sharifi-Razavi A, Karimi N, Zarvani A, et al. Ischemic stroke associated with novel coronavirus 2019: a report of three cases. Int J Neurosci. 2020; 1–5.Published online 2020 Jun 17. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1782902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sia J. 2020. Dizziness can be an early sole clinical manifestation for COVID-19 infection: A case report. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12185
   Google Scholar
• Sriwastava S, Tandon M, Kataria S, et al. New onset of ocular myasthenia gravis in a patient with COVID-19: a novel case report and literature review. J Neurol. 2020; 268(8):2690–2696.doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10263-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulaiman H, Sleman M, Hassan R, et al. 2020. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’s public news and information, (January).
   Google Scholar
• Thakur K, Sagayaraj A, Prasad KC, et al. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: Findings from a tertiary rural Centre. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021; 1-7.doi: 10.1007/s12070-021-02364-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thu SS, Matin N, Levine SR. 2020. Olfactory gyrus intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient with COVID-19 infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.033
   Google Scholar
• Tiet MY, Alshaikh N. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case from the UK. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(7):e236536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiwari A, Berekashvili K, Vulkanov V, et al. Etiologic subtypes of ischemic stroke in SARS-CoV-2 patients in a cohort of New York city hospitals. Front Neurol. 2019;1:1004.
   Google Scholar
• Vacchiano V, Riguzzi P, Volpi L, et al. Early neurological manifestations of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(8):2029–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Li T, Qiao F, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 associated with aggressive neurological and mental abnormalities confirmed based on cerebrospinal fluid antibodies: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(36):e21428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenting A, Gruters A, van Os Y, et al. COVID-19 neurological manifestations and underlying mechanisms: a scoping review. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11. 11:860.doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00860. eCollection 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker A, Anson M, Harky A. 2020. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and current update. Acta Neurol Scand. 142(1):14–22.doi: 10.1111/ane.13266. Epub 2020 Jun 2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson PR, Billioux BJ, Kumar Bhoi S, et al. Coronaviruses and Central nervous system manifestations. Front Neurol. 2020;1:715.
   Google Scholar
• Yan N, Xu Z, Mei B, et al. Neurological implications of non-critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in a Fangcang shelter hospital in Wuhan, China. Front Neurol. 2020; 11:895. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel H, Tutal Gursoy G, Bilge Dirik E, et al. 2021. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in confirmed and probable cases: A descriptive study from a large tertiary care center.
   Google Scholar
• Zoghi A, Ramezani M, Roozbeh M, et al. A case of possible atypical demyelinating event of the Central nervous system following COVID-19. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;44:102324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avula A,Gill A,Nassar R, et al. Locked-in with COVID-19. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;79:80–83. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.014. 33070924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifa M,Zakaria F,Ragab Y, et al. Guillain-barré syndrome associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection and coronavirus disease 2019 in a child. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(4):510–513. doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa086. 32652520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pensato U,Muccioli L,Pasini E, et al. Encephalopathy in COVID-19 presenting with acute aphasia mimicking stroke. Front Neurol. 2020;11:587226 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.587226. PMC: 33193051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuccio FG,Barra M,Claudio G, et al. A rare case of acute motor axonal neuropathy and myelitis related to SARS-cov-2 infection. J Neurol. 2021;268(7):2327–2330. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10219-5. 32940797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimambo H,Chin JH,Mnacho M, et al. Severe headache as the sole presenting symptom of COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2020;22:100882 doi:10.1016/j.inat.2020.100882. PMC: 32835023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asif R,O’ Mahony MS. Rare complication of COVID-19 presenting as isolated headache. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(10)doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-239275. 33122242
   Google Scholar
• Yahalomi T,Pikkel J,Arnon R, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion in a young healthy COVID-19 patient: A case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;20:100992 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100992. PMC: 33225111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zombori L,Bacon M,Wood H, et al. Severe cortical damage associated with COVID-19 case report. Seizure. 2021;84:66–68. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.11.014. 33285362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein S,Davis F,Berman A, et al. A case report of coronavirus disease 2019 presenting with tremors and gait disturbance. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2020;4(3):324–326. doi:10.5811/cpcem.2020.5.48023. 32926677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haroon KH,Patro SN,Hussain S, et al. Multiple microbleeds: A serious neurological manifestation in a critically ill COVID-19 patient. Case Rep Neurol. 2020;12(3):373–377. doi:10.1159/000512322. 33250751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore L,Ghannam M,Manousakis G. A first presentation of multiple sclerosis with concurrent COVID-19 infection. eNeurologicalSci. 2021;22:100299 doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100299. PMC: 33313429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh R,Roy D,Sengupta S, et al. Autonomic dysfunction heralding acute motor axonal neuropathy in COVID-19. J Neurovirol. 2020;26(6):964–966. doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00908-2. 32918164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirakkal P,Al Hail AN,Zada N, et al. COVID-19 AND tinnitus. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100(2_suppl):160S–162S. doi:10.1177/0145561320974849. 33275033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahouth S,Chuang K,Olson L, et al. COVID-19 related muscle denervation atrophy. Skeletal Radiol. 2021;50(8):1717–1721. doi:10.1007/s00256-021-03721-y. 33517510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Guennec L,Devianne J,Jalin L, et al. Orbitofrontal involvement in a neurocovid-19 patient. Epilepsia. 2020;61(8):e90–e94. doi:10.1111/epi.16612. 32589794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar N,Kumar S,Kumar A, et al. Acute necrotizing encephalitis as a probable association of COVID-19. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(10):991–994. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23636. 33281329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriwastava S,Tandon M,Kataria S, et al. New onset of ocular myasthenia gravis in a patient with COVID-19: A novel case report and literature review. J Neurol. 2021;268(8):2690–2696. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10263-1. 33047223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akilli NB,Yosunkaya A. Part of the Covid19 puzzle: Acute parkinsonism. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;47:333.e1–333.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.050.33712341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlow A,Auerbach AJ. Acute cerebellar ataxia in COVID-19 infection: A case report. J Emerg Med. 2021;60(1):73–76. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.010. 33208227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Gandica J,Winter D,Schnippe R, et al. Ageusia and anosmia, a common sign of COVID-19? A case series from four countries. J Neurovirol. 2020;26(5):785–789. doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00875-8. 32666422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghimi M,Moghtader A,Jozpanahi M, et al. Correlation between CSF biomarkers and COVID-19 meningoencephalitis: A case series. Respir Med Case Rep. 2021;32:101335 doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101335. PMC: 33398243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emamikhah M,Babadi M,Mehrabani M, et al. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, a post-infectious neurologic complication of COVID-19: case series and review of literature. J Neurovirol. 2021;27(1):26–34. doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00941-1. 33492608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammad LM,Botros JA,Chohan MO. Necessity of brain imaging in COVID-19 infected patients presenting with acute neurological deficits. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2020;22:100883 doi:10.1016/j.inat.2020.100883. PMC: 32835024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doo FX,Kassim G,Lefton DR, et al. Rare presentations of COVID-19: PRES-LIKE leukoencephalopathy and carotid thrombosis. Clin Imaging. 2021;69:94–101. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.07.007. 32707411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabayan B,Moghadami M,Assarzadegan F, et al. COVID-19 respiratory illness and subsequent cerebrovascular events, the initial iranian experience. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(1):105454 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105454. PMC: 33212340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azpiazu Landa N,Velasco Oficialdegui C,Intxaurraga Fernández K, et al. Ischemic-hemorrhagic stroke in patients with covid-19. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed). 2020;67(9):516–520. doi:10.1016/j.redar.2020.08.002. 33012537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepburn M,Mullaguri N,George P, et al. Acute symptomatic seizures in critically ill patients with COVID-19: is there an association?. Neurocrit Care. 2021;34(1):139–143. doi:10.1007/s12028-020-01006-1. 32462412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrêa DG,Hygino Da Cruz LC,Lopes FCR, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of COVID-19-related cranial nerve lesions. J Neurovirol. 2021;27(1):171–177. doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00934-0. 33460014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun BT,Badenes R,Heras La Calle G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): A multicentre cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2021;9(3):239–250. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30552-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar H,Yassin Z,Kalantari S, et al. Evolution and resolution of brain involvement associated with SARS- CoV2 infection: A close clinical- paraclinical follow up study of a case. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;43:102216 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102216. PMC: 32464585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oliveira FAA,Palmeira DCC,Rocha-Filho PAS. Headache and pleocytosis in CSF associated with COVID-19: case report. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(11):3021–3022. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04694-x. 32875474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim ST,Janaway B,Costello H, et al. Persistent psychotic symptoms following COVID-19 infection. BJPsych Open. 2020;6(5):e105 doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.76. PMC: 32696735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar