REFERENCES
- Ai , A. L. , Peterson , C. , Bolling , S. F. and Koenig , H. 2002 . Private prayer and optimism in middle‐aged and older patients awaiting cardiac surgery. . Gerontologist , 42 : 70 – 81 .
- Barry , D. , Elliott , R. and Evans , E. M. 2000 . Foreigners in a strange land: Self‐ construal and ethnic identity in male Arabic immigrants. . Journal of Immigrant Health , 2 : 133 – 144 .
- Best , D. L. and Williams , J. E. 2001 . “ Gender and culture. ” . In The handbook of culture and psychology , Edited by: Matsumoto , D . 195 – 219 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Brislin , R. 1970 . Back‐translation for cross‐cultural research. . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 1 : 185 – 216 .
- Buchanan , G. M. and Seligman , M. E. P. 1995 . Explanatory style , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Bunce , S. C. and Peterson , C. 1997 . Gender differences in personality correlates of explanatory style. . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 639 – 646 .
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2006 . Assessing risk factors for chronic disease: Jordan, 2004. . MMWR , 55 : 653 – 655 . Retrieved April 20, 2008, from www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5523a3.htm
- Chang , E. C. 1996 . Cultural differences in optimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian American and Caucasian American college students. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 43 : 113 – 123 .
- Chang , E. C. , Asakawa , K. and Sanna , L. J. 2001 . Cultural variations in optimistic and pessimistic bias: Do easterners really expect the worst and westerners really expect the best when predicting future life events? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 476 – 491 .
- Chapin , J. 2001 . Self‐protective pessimism: Optimistic bias in reverse. . North American Journal of Psychology , 3 : 253 – 262 .
- Cross , S. E. and Madson , L. 1997 . Models of the self: Self‐construals and gender. . Psychological Bulletin , 122 : 5 – 37 .
- Dember , W. N. and Brooks , J. 1989 . A new instrument for measuring optimism and pessimism: Test–retest reliability and relations with happiness and religious commitment. . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 27 : 365 – 366 .
- Gallo , L. C. and Matthews , K. A. 2003 . Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and health: Do negative emotions play a role? . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 10 – 51 .
- Gilham , J. E. , Shatte , A. J. , Reivich , K. J. and Seligman , D. R. 1995 . Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 595 – 607 .
- Gimenez , E. L. and Conde‐Ruiz , J. I. 2004 . The changing roles of young single women in Jordan , Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from http://webs.uvigo.es/idru/jornadas/jordan.pdf
- Gregg , G. S. 2005 . The Middle East: A cultural psychology , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Heine , S. J. and Hamamura , T. 2007 . In search of Asian self‐enhancement. . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 11 : 4 – 27 .
- Heine , S. J. and Lehman , D. R. 1995 . Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 595 – 607 .
- Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture's consequences: International differences in work‐ related values , 34 : 1025 – 1038 .
- Ji , L. J. , Zhang , Z. , Usborne , E. and Guan , Y. 2004 . Optimism across cultures: In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak [Electronic version]. . Journal of Asian Social Psychology , 7 : 25 – 34 .
- Khallad , Y. 2005 . Mate selection in Jordan: Effects of sex, socioeconomic status, and culture. . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 22 : 155 – 168 .
- Lee , Y. T. and Seligman , M. E. P. 1997 . Are Americans more optimistic than the Chinese? . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 32 – 40 .
- Malinchoc , M. , Colligan , R. C. and Offord , K. P. 1996 . Assessing explanatory style in teenagers: Adolescent norms for the MMPI Optimism‐Pessimism scale. . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 52 : 285 – 295 .
- Markus , H. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . “ Cultural variation in the self-concept. ” . In Multidisciplinary perspectives on the self , Edited by: Goethals , G. R and Strauss , J . 18 – 48 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
- Mattis , J. S. , Fontenot , D. L. and Hatcher‐Kay , C. A. 2003 . Religiosity, racism, and dispositional optimism among African Americans. . Personality and Individual Differences , 34 : 1025 – 1038 .
- Miller , L. , Richards , P. S. and Keller , R. R. 2001 . “ Foreword. ” . In Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice , Edited by: Chang , C. E . xiii – xvii . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Nolen‐Hoeksema , S. , Girgus , J. S. and Seligman , M. E. P. 1991 . Sex differences in depression and explanatory style in children. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 20 : 233 – 245 .
- Peterson , C. and Bossio , L. M. 2001 . “ Optimism and well‐being. ” . In Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice , Edited by: Chang , C. E . 127 – 145 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Scheier , M. F. , Carver , C. S. and Bridges , M. W. 1994 . Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self‐mastery, and self‐esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 1063 – 1078 .
- Sethi , S. and Seligman , M. E. P. 1993 . Optimism and fundamentalism. . Psychological Science , 4 : 256 – 259 .
- Taylor , S. 1998 . Optimism/pessimism: Summary prepared in collaboration with the psychosocial working group Edited by: John , D and Catherine , T . MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/notebook/optimism.html#Top
- Updegraff , J. A. , Taylor , S. E. , Kemeny , M. E. and Wyatt , G. E. 2002 . Positive and negative effects of HIV infection in women with low socioeconomic resources. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 382 – 394 .
- Weinstein , N. 1987 . Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community‐wide sample. . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 10 : 441 – 458 .