Bullying in the workplace: a cross-cultural and methodological perspective

References

• Adler, Nancy J. 1983. “Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to Be Faced.” International Studies of Management & Organization 13 (1–2):7–45. doi:10.1080/00208825.1983.11656357.
   Google Scholar
• Agervold, Mogens. 2007. “Bullying at Work: A Discussion of Definitions and Prevalence, Based on an Empirical Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 48 (2):161–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00585.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, S., Rukhsana Kalim, and Ahmad Kaleem. 2017. “Academics’ Perceptions of Bullying at Work: insights from Pakistan.” International Journal of Educational Management 31 (2):204–20. doi:10.1108/IJEM-10-2015-0141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, Saima, and Michael James Sheehan. 2017. “Understanding the Lived Experience of Bullying in Australian Workplaces: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.” Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 32 (2):74–98. doi:10.1080/15555240.2017.1325327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillien, E., I. Neyens, and H. De Witte. 2011. “Organizational Correlates of Workplace Bullying in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises.” International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 29 (6):610–25. doi:10.1177/0266242610375774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, Michael Harris, and Peter B. Smith. 2018. “Discovering Culture’s Influence in Studies of Individual Behavior in Organizational Settings: A Challenging Proposal.” International Studies of Management & Organization 48 (4):419–34. doi:10.1080/00208825.2018.1504475.
   Google Scholar
• Branch, Sara, Sheryl Ramsay, and Michelle Barker. 2013. “Workplace Bullying, Mobbing and General Harassment: A Review.” International Journal of Management Reviews 15 (3):280–99. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00339.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky, Carroll M. 1976. The Harassed Worker. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cascio, Wayne F. 2012. “Methodological Issues in International HR Management Research.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23 (12):2532–45. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.561242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casimir, Gian, Darcy McCormack, Nikola Djurkovic, and Apollo Nsubuga‐Kyobe. 2012. “Psychosomatic Model of Workplace Bullying: Australian and Ugandan Schoolteachers.” Employee Relations 34 (4):411–28. doi:10.1108/01425451211236841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooksey, Ray W. 2007. Illustrating Statistical Procedures: For Business, Behavioural and Social Science Research. Prahran, VIC: Tilde University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, R. L., and D. Salin. 2015. “Human Resource Professionals' Perceptions of Workplace Bullying from across the Globe.” Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC.
   Google Scholar
• D’Cruz, Premilla, and Charlotte Rayner. 2013. “Bullying in the Indian Workplace: A Study of the ITES-BPO Sector.” Economic and Industrial Democracy 34 (4):597–619. doi:10.1177/0143831X12452672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Cruz, Premilla, Megan Paull, Maryam Omari, and Burcu Guneri-Cangarli. 2016. “Target Experiences of Workplace Bullying: Insights from Australia, India and Turkey.” Employee Relations 38 (5):805–23. doi:10.1108/ER-06-2015-0116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidov, Eldad, Bart Meuleman, Jan Cieciuch, Peter Schmidt, and Jaak Billiet. 2014. “Measurement Equivalence in Cross-National Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 40 (1):55–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2020. Australian Government.
   Google Scholar
• Djurkovic, Nikola, Darcy McCormack, and Gian Casimir. 2008. “Workplace Bullying and Intention to Leave: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organisational Support.” Human Resource Management Journal 18 (4):405–22. doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2008.00081.x.
   Google Scholar
• Einarsen, Staale, Helge Hoel, and Guy Notelaers. 2009. “Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised.” Work & Stress 23 (1):24–44. doi:10.1080/02678370902815673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsen, Ståle. 1999. “The Nature and Causes of Bullying at Work.” International Journal of Manpower 20 (1/2):16–27. doi:10.1108/01437729910268588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsen, Ståle. 2000. “Harassment and Bullying at Work: A Review of the Scandinavian Approach.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 5 (4):379–401. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00043-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsen, Ståle, Helge Hoel, Dieter Zapf, and CaryL. Cooper. 2011. “The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition.” In Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice, edited by S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. Cooper, 3–40. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escartín, Jordi, Dieter Zapf, Carlos Arrieta, and Álvaro Rodríguez-Carballeira. 2011. “Workers' Perception of Workplace Bullying: A Cross-Cultural Study.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 20 (2):178–205. doi:10.1080/13594320903395652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanaki, Eleanna, and Nancy Papalexandris. 2013. “Measuring Workplace Bullying in Organisations.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24 (11):2107–30. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.725084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glambek, Mats, Stig Berge Matthiesen, Jørn Hetland, and Ståle Einarsen. 2014. “Workplace Bullying as an Antecedent to Job Insecurity and Intention to Leave: A 6‐Month Prospective Study.” Human Resource Management Journal 24 (3):255–68. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glambek, Mats, Anders Skogstad, and Stale Einarsen. 2015. “Take It or Leave: A Five-Year Prospective Study of Workplace Bullying and Indicators of Expulsion in Working Life.” Industrial Health 53 (2):160–70. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2014-0195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumbus, Andra, and Bridget Lyons. 2011. “Workplace Harassment: The Social Costs of Bullying.” Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics 8 (5):72–90. doi:10.1177/107179190601200301.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham. 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hanley, Glennis M., and Anne O'Rourke. 2016. “The Race without a Finishing Line: legislative Means for Confronting Bullying in the Australian Workplace.” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 54 (3):352–68. doi:10.1111/1744-7941.12093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, Michael, Darren Treadway, and Joyce Thompson Heames. 2006. “Bullying in Global Organizations: A Reference Point Perspective.” Journal of World Business 41 (2):190–202. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2006.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, Andrew F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis a Regression-Based Approach. Edited by Corporation Ebooks. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• HEC Pakistan. 2020. New and Media: All Publications. Islamabad, Pakistan: Higher Education Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Hinkin, Timothy R. 1998. “A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires.” Organizational Research Methods 1 (1):104–21. doi:10.1177/109442819800100106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, Geert. 1983. “National Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-Based Theory of Cultural Differences among Nations.” International Studies of Management & Organization 13 (1–2):46–74. doi:10.1080/00208825.1983.11656358.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, Geert. 2001. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• House of Representatives Standing Committee on Education and Employment. 2012. Workplace Bullying: We Just Want It to Stop. Edited by Parliament of Australia. Canberra, ACT: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Education and Employment.
   Google Scholar
• House, Robert J, Paul J. Hanges, Mansour Javidan, Peter W. Dorfman, and Vipin Gupta. 2004. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Changya, Tsung-Yu Wu, and Yu-Hsuan Wang. 2011. “Measurement Equivalence/Invariance of the Abusive Supervision Measure across Workers from Taiwan and the United States.” The Journal of Psychology 145 (2):111–31. doi:10.1080/00223980.2010.542505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hult, G. Tomas M., David J. Ketchen, David A. Griffith, Carol A. Finnegan, Tracy Gonzalez-Padron, Nukhet Harmancioglu, Ying Huang, M. Berk Talay, and S. Tamer Cavusgil. 2008. “Data Equivalence in Cross-Cultural International Business Research: Assessment and Guidelines.” Journal of International Business Studies 39 (6):1027–44. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. 2006. New Forms of Violence at Work on the Rise Worldwide. Geneva: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, Talat, Mubbsher Munawar Khan, Ishfaq Ahmed, Ahmad Usman, and Muhammad Ali. 2020. “Work-Family Conflict and Job Dissatisfaction among Police Officers: Mediation of Threat to Family Role and Moderation of Role Segmentation Enhancement.” Policing: An International Journal 43 (2):403–15. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2019-0087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, Kathryn J. L., Jacqueline N. Hood, and Harry J. Van Buren. 2014. “Workplace Bullying across Cultures: A Research Agenda.” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 14 (1):47–65. doi:10.1177/1470595813494192.
   Google Scholar
• Keashly, Loraleigh, and Steve Harvey. 2005. “Emotional Abuse in the Workplace.” In Counterproductive Work Behavior: Investigations of Actors and Targets, edited by Suzy Fox and Paul E. Spector, 13–40. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Keashly, Loraleigh, and Joel H. Neuman. 2010. “Faculty Experiences with Bullying in Higher Education.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 32 (1):48–70. doi:10.2753/ATP1084-1806320103.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkman, Bradley L., Kevin B. Lowe, and Cristina B. Gibson. 2006. “A Quarter Century of Culture's Consequences: A Review of Empirical Research Incorporating Hofstede's Cultural Values Framework.” Journal of International Business Studies 37 (3):285–320. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, Rex B. 2011. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford press.
   Google Scholar
• Leymann, Heinz. 1990. “Mobbing and Psychological Terror at Workplaces.” Violence and Victims 5 (2):119–26. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leymann, Heinz. 1996. “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 5 (2):165–84. doi:10.1080/13594329608414853.
   Google Scholar
• Loh, Jennifer, Simon Lloyd D. Restubog, and Thomas J. Zagenczyk. 2010. “Consequences of Workplace Bullying on Employee Identification and Satisfaction among Australians and Singaporeans.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 41 (2):236–52. doi:10.1177/0022022109354641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutgen-Sandvik, Pamela, Gary Namie, and Ruth Namie. 2009. “Workplace Bullying: Causes, Consequences and Corrections.” In Destructive Organizational Communication: Processes, Consequences, and Constructive Ways of Organizing, edited by P. Lutgen-Sandvik and B. D. Sypher, 41–88. New York: Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lutgen-Sandvik, Pamela, Sarah J. Tracy, and Jess K. Alberts. 2007. “Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact.” Journal of Management Studies 44 (6):837–62. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00715.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarem, Nisrine N., Lucy R. Tavitian-Elmadjian, Dayana Brome, Ghassan N. Hamadeh, and Ståle Einarsen. 2018. “Assessment of Workplace Bullying: reliability and Validity of an Arabic Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R).” BMJ Open 8 (12):e024009. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthiesen, Stig Berge, and Ståle Einarsen. 2010. “Bullying in the Workplace: Definition, Prevalence, Antecedents and Consequences.” International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 13 (2):202–48. doi:10.1108/IJOTB-13-02-2010-B004.
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney, Brendan. 2002. “Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith-a Failure of Analysis.” Human Relations 55 (1):89–118. doi:10.1177/0018726702551004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayed, Farman A., Nancy Daraiseh, Richard Shell, and Sam Salem. 2006. “Workplace Bullying: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Outcomes.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 7 (3):311–27. doi:10.1080/14639220500090604.
   Google Scholar
• Neall, Annabelle M., and Michelle R. Tuckey. 2014. “A Methodological Review of Research on the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Harassment.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 87 (2):225–57. doi:10.1111/joop.12059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland. 2013. “Bullying in Work Groups: The Impact of Leadership.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54 (2):127–36. doi:10.1111/sjop.12011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, and Ståle Einarsen. 2012. “Outcomes of Exposure to Workplace Bullying: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Work & Stress 26 (4):309–32. doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.734709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, and Ståle Einarsen. 2018. “What we Know, What we Do Not Know, and What we Should and Could Have Known about Workplace Bullying: An Overview of the Literature and Agenda for Future Research.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 42:71–83. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Helge Hoel, Dieter Zapf, and Ståle Einarsen. 2016. “Exposure to Aggression in the Workplace.” In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Occupational Safety and Workplace Health, edited by Sharon Clarke, Tahira M. Probst, Frank W. Guldenmund, and Jonathan Passmore, 205–27. London: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Anne-Marthe Rustad Indregard, and Simon Øverland. 2016. “Workplace Bullying and Sickness Absence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Research Literature.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 42 (5):359–70. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Stig Berge Matthiesen, and Ståle Einarsen. 2010. “The Impact of Methodological Moderators on Prevalence Rates of Workplace Bullying. A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83 (4):955–79. doi:10.1348/096317909X481256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Guy Notelaers, and Ståle Einarsen. 2011. “Measuring Exposure to Workplace Bullying.” In Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, edited by Ståle Einarsen, Helge Hoel, Dieter Zapf, and Cary L. Cooper, 149–74. FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Notelaers, G., and S. Einarsen. 2013. “The World Turns at 33 and 45: Defining Simple Cutoff Scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised in a Representative Sample.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 22 (6):670–82. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.690558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notelaers, Guy, Beatrice Van der Heijden, Helge Hoel, and Ståle Einarsen. 2019. “Measuring Bullying at Work with the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire: Identification of Targets and Criterion Validity.” Work & Stress 33 (1):58–75. doi:10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notelaers, Guy, J. Vermunt, Elfi Baillien, S. Einarsen, and Hans De Witte. 2011. “Exploring Risk Groups Workplace Bullying with Categorical Data.” Industrial Health 49 (1):73–88. doi:10.2486/indhealth.ms1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. 1978. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Omari, Maryam, and Megan Paull 2016. Workplace Abuse, Incivility and Bullying: Methodological and Cultural Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ortega, Adriana, Annie Høgh, Jan Hyld Pejtersen, Helene Feveile, and Ole Olsen. 2009. “Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Risk Groups: A Representative Population Study.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 82 (3):417–26. doi:10.1007/s00420-008-0339-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallant, Julie. 2007. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step-by-Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS Version 15. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Power, Jacqueline L., Céleste M. Brotheridge, John Blenkinsopp, Lynn Bowes-Sperry, Nikos Bozionelos, Zoltán Buzády, Aichia Chuang, Dawn Drnevich, Antonio Garzon-Vico, Catherine Leighton, et al. 2013. “Acceptability of Workplace Bullying: A Comparative Study on Six Continents.” Journal of Business Research 66 (3):374–80. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, Charlotte. 1997. “The Incidence of Workplace Bullying.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 7 (3):199–208. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199706)7:3<199::AID-CASP418>3.0.CO;2-H.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Muñoz, Alfredo, Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez, and Ana I. Sanz-Vergel. 2015. “Reciprocal Relations between Workplace Bullying, anxiety, and Vigor: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study.” Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 28 (5):514–30. doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1016003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin, Denise. 2003. “Bullying and Organisational Politics in Competitive and Rapidly Changing Work Environments.” International Journal of Management and Decision Making 4 (1):35–46. doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2003.002487.
   Google Scholar
• Salin, Denise. 2015. “Risk Factors of Workplace Bullying for Men and Women: The Role of the Psychosocial and Physical Work Environment.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 56 (1):69–77. doi:10.1111/sjop.12169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin, Denise, Renee Cowan, Oluwakemi Adewumi, Eleni Apospori, Jaime Bochantin, Premilla D’Cruz, Nikola Djurkovic, Katarzyna Durniat, Jordi Escartín, Jing Guo, et al. 2019. “Workplace Bullying across the Globe: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” Personnel Review 48 (1):204–19., doi:10.1108/PR-03-2017-0092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin, Denise, and H. Hoel. 2013. “Workplace Bullying as a Gendered Phenomenon.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 28 (3):235–51. doi:10.1108/02683941311321187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin, Denise, and Helge Hoel. 2011. “Organisational Causes of Workplace Bullying.” In Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice, edited by S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. Cooper, 227–43. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Samnani, Al-Karim. 2013. “The Early Stages of Workplace Bullying and How It Becomes Prolonged: The Role of Culture in Predicting Target Responses.” Journal of Business Ethics 113 (1):119–32. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1286-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samnani, Al-Karim, and Parbudyal Singh. 2012. “20 Years of Workplace Bullying Research: A Review of the Antecedents and Consequences of Bullying in the Workplace.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 17 (6):581–9. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer, B. S., and C. M. Riordan. 2003. “A Review of Cross-Cultural Methodologies for Organizational Research: A Best-Practices Approach.” Organizational Research Methods 6 (2):169–215. doi:10.1177/1094428103251542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekaran, Uma. 1983. “Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advancements in Cross-Cultural Research.” Journal of International Business Studies 14 (2):61–73. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambur, Merle, and Maaja Vadi. 2012. “Workplace Bullying and Organizational Culture in a Post-Transitional Country.” International Journal of Manpower 33 (7):754–68. doi:10.1108/01437721211268302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Factbook. 2019a. Australia; USA: Central Intelligence Agency.
   Google Scholar
• The World Factbook. 2019b. South Asia; Pakistan; USA: Central Intelligence Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, Robert J., and Charles E. Lance. 2000. “A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research.” Organizational Research Methods 3 (1):4–70. doi:10.1177/109442810031002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, Ryan M., Marie S. Mitchell, Bennett J. Tepper, Simon L. D. Restubog, Changya Hu, Wei Hua, and Jui-Chieh Huang. 2015. “A Cross-Cultural Examination of Subordinates' Perceptions of and Reactions to Abusive Supervision.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 36 (5):720–45. doi:10.1002/job.1984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2010. Prevention of Bullying-Related Morbidity and Mortality: A Call for Public Health Policies. Edited by J. C. Srabstein and B. Leventhal. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2016. “Best Practice in Workplace Violence and Bullying Interventions.” http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/10_Violence%20and%20Bullying%20Interventions.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, B., N. Donthu, and T. Lenartowicz. 2011. “Measuring Hofstede's Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individual Level: Development and Validation of CVSCALE.” Journal of International Consumer Marketing 23 (3):193–210. doi:10.1080/08961530.2011.578059.
   Google Scholar
• Zábrodská, Katerina, and Petr Kveton. 2013. “Prevalence and Forms of Workplace Bullying among University Employees.” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 25 (2):89–108. doi:10.1007/s10672-012-9210-x.
   Google Scholar
• Zapf, D., S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, and M. Vartia. 2003. “Empirical Findings on Bullying in the Workplace.” In Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. International Perspectives in Research and Practice, edited by S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. L. Cooper, 103–26. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Zapf, Dieter, Jordi Escartín, Ståle Einarsen, Helge Hoel, and Maarit Vartia. 2011. “Empirical Findings on Prevalence and Risk Groups of Bullying in the Workplace.” In Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace. Developments in Theory, Research and Practice, edited by S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. Cooper, 75–105. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar