Richard Lester's Institutional‐Industrial Relations Model of Labor Markets and the Near‐Zero Minimum Wage Employment Effect: The Model Card and Krueger Ignored but Shouldn't Have

References

• Alchian, Armen, and Harold Demsetz. 1972. “Production, Information Cost, and Economic Organization.” American Economic Review 72 (4): 777–95.
   Google Scholar
• Allegretto, Sylvia, Dube, Arindrajit, Reich, Michael, and Ben Zipperer. 2017. “Credible Research Design for Minimum Wage Studies: A Response to Neumark, Salas, and Wascher.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 70 (3): 559–92.
   Google Scholar
• Appelbaum, Eileen. 1979. “Post‐Keynesian Theory: The Labor Market.” Challenge 21 (6): 39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Arrowsmith, James, Mark Gilman, Paul Edwards, and Monder Ram. 2003. “The Impact of the National Minimum Wage in Small Firms.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 41 (3): 435–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashenfelter, Orley, Henry Farber, and Michael Ransom. 2010. “Labor Market Monopsony. Journal of Labor Economics 28 (2): 203–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhouse, Roger. 2009. “Friedman's 1953 Essay and the Marginalist Controversy.” In The Methodology of Positive Economics: Reflections on the Milton Friedman Era, edited by Uskali Maki, 217‐40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, Gary. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Belman, Dale, and Paul Wolfson. 2014. What Does the Minimum Wage Do? Kalamazoo: Upjohn.
   Google Scholar
• Bewley, Truman. 1999. Why Wages Don't Fall in Recessions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, Venkataraman, and Ted To. 1999. “Minimum Wages for Ronald McDonald Monopsonies: A Theory of Monopsonistic Competition.” Economic Journal 109 (455): 190–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchflowr, David, Andrew Oswald, and Peter Sanfey. 1996. “Wages, Profits, and Rent‐Sharing.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (1): 227–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinder, Alan, Elie Canetti, David Lebow, and Jeremy Rudd. 1998. Asking about Prices: A New Approach to Understanding Price Stickiness. New York: Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Borjas, George. 2016. Labor Economics, 7th ed. New York: McGraw‐Hill Irwin.
   Google Scholar
• Brecher, Richard, and Till Gross. 2018. “Employment Gains from Minimum‐Wage Hikes: A Simple General Equilibrium Analysis.” Review of International Economy 26 (1): 165–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, Martin. 1956. “Potential Monopsony in Labor Markets.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 9 (4): 577–88.
   Google Scholar
• Boeri, Tito, and Jan van Ours. 2008. The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bromley, Daniel. 2006. Sufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, James. 1996. “A Commentary on the Minimum Wage.” Wall Street Journal (April 25).
   Google Scholar
• Cain, Glen. 1976. “The Challenge of Segmented Labor Market Theories to Orthodox Theory: A Survey.” Journal of Economic Literature 14 (December): 1215–57.
   Google Scholar
• Cappelli, Peter, and Walter Block. 2012. “Debate over the Minimum Wage Laws.” Economics, Management and Financial Markets 7 (4): 11–33.
   Google Scholar
• Card, David, and Alan Krueger. 1995. Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin, Edward 1933. Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Champlin, Dell, and Knoedler, Janet. 2004. The Institutionalist Tradition in Labor Economics. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Chasse, J. Dennis. 2017. A Worker's Economist: John R. Commons and his Legacy from Progressivism to the War on Poverty. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, John. 1923. The Economics of Overhead Costs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, John. 1961. Competition as a Dynamic Process. Washington: Brookings.
   Google Scholar
• Coase, Ronald. 1992. “The Institutional Structure of Production.” American Economic Review 82 (4): 713–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colander, David. 1992. “New Keynesian Economics in Perspective.” Eastern Economic Journal 18 (Fall): 437–48.
   Google Scholar
• Colander, David, and Craig Freedman. 2018. Where Economics Went Wrong: Chicago's Abandonment of Classical Liberalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Commons, John. 1934. Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Commons, John, and John Andrews. 1916. Principles of Labor Legislation. New York: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, Paul. 2007. John Maynard Keynes. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, Robert. 1951. Application of Linear Programming to the Theory of the Firm. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doucouliagos, Christos, and Thomas Stanley. 2009. “Publication Selection Bias in Minimum‐Wage Research: A Meta‐Regression Analysis.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 47 (2): 406–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, Paul. 1939. “The Economic Theory of Wage Regulation.” University of Chicago Law Review 5 (2): 184–218.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, John. 1938. “The Movement of Real and Money Wage Rates.” The Economic Journal 48 (Sept.): 413–34.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, John. 1944. Wage Determination Under Trade Unions. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, John. 1988. “Labor Markets and Wage Determination: Then and Now.” In How Labor Markets Work: Reflections on Theory and Practice by John Dunlop, Clark Kerr, Richard Lester, and Lloyd Reynolds, edited by Bruce Kaufman, 47‐88. Lexington: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg, Ronald, and Robert Smith. 2018. Modern Labor Economics, 13th ed. New York: Prentice‐Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Eichner, Alfred. 1985. Toward a New Economics: Essays in Post‐Keynesian and Institutionalist Theories. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Ely, Richard. 1884. The Past and Present of Political Economy. Baltimore: Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Evensky, Jerry. 2005. Adam Smith's Moral Philosophy. London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, Robert. 1965. “Book Review: Economics of Labor, 2nd ed.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 18 (2): 271–74.
   Google Scholar
• Flinn, Christopher. 2011. The Minimum Wage and Labor Market Outcomes. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, Craig. 2008. Chicago Fundamentalism: Ideology and Methodology in Economics. London: World Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, Richard. 1995. “Myth and Measurement: Comment.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48 (4): 830–34.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, Milton. 1953. “The Methodology of Positive Economics. In Essays in Positive Economics, edited by Milton Friedman, 3–43. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frischmann, Brett, and Christiaan Hogendorn. 2015. “Retrospectives: The Marginal Cost Controversy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(1): 193‐206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, Daphne. 2016. “Institutionalist Theories of the Wage Bargain: Beyond Demand and Supply.” Journal of Economic Issues 50 (2): 406–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groshen, Erica. 1991. “Sources of Intra‐Industry Wage Dispersion: How Much Do Employers Matter?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106(3): 869‐84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, Robert, and Charles Hitch. 1939. “Price Theory and Business Behavior.” Oxford Economic Papers 2 (May): 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Hamermesh Daniel. 1993. Labor Demand. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Walton. 1919. “The Institutional Approach to Economic Theory.” American Economic Review 9 (1): 309–18.
   Google Scholar
• Harasztosi, Peter, and Attila Lindner. 2019. “Who Pays for the Minimum Wage?” American Economic Review 109 (8): 2693–2727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, John. 1930. “Edgeworth, Marshall, and the Indeterminateness of Wages.” Economic Journal 40 (June): 215–31.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, Barry, Bruce Kaufman, and Tetyana Zelenska. 2015. “Minimum Wage Channels of Adjustment.” Industrial Relations 54 (2): 199–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson, John. 1919. The Industrial System. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Kates, Steven. 2008. “A Letter from Keynes to Harlan McCracken Dated 31st August 1933: Why the Standard Story on the Origins of the General Theory Needs to be Rewritten.” History of Economics Review, 47(1): 39‐53.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, Lawrence, and David Autor. 1999. “Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality.” In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1463–1555. New York: North Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 1988. How Labor Markets Work: Reflections on Theory and Practice by John Dunlop, Clark Kerr, Richard Lester, and Lloyd Reynolds. Lexington: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 1993. The Origin and Evolution of the Field of Industrial Relations in the United States. Ithaca: ILR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 1999. “Expanding the Behavioral Foundations of Labor Economics.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52 (3): 361–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2008. “The Non‐Existence of the Labor Demand/Supply Diagram, and Other Theorems of Institutional Economics.” Journal of Labor Research 29 (3): 285–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2009. “Promoting Labor Market Efficiency and Fairness through a Legal Minimum Wage.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 47 (2): 306–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2010a. “Institutional Economics and the Minimum Wage: Broadening the Theoretical and Policy Debate.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 63 (3): 427–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2010b. “The Theoretical Foundation of Industrial Relations and its Implications for Labor Economics and Human Resource Management.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 64(1): 74‐108.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2012a. “Economic Analysis of Labor Markets and Labor Law: An Institutional/Industrial Relations Perspective.” In Research Handbook on the Economics of Labor and Employment Law, edited by Cynthia Estlund and Michael Wachter, 52‐106. Northampton: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2012b. “Wage Theory, New Deal Labor Policy, and the Great Depression: Were Government and Unions to Blame?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 65 (3): 501—31.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce, 2012c. “An Institutional Economic Analysis of Unions.” Industrial Relations 51 (S1): 438–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2013a. “Sidney and Beatrice Webb's Institutional Theory of Labor Markets and Wage Determination.” Industrial Relations 52 (3): 765–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2013b. “The Optimal Level of Market Competition: Neoclassical and New Institutional Conclusions Critiqued and Reformulated.” Journal of Economic Issues 47 (3): 639–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2016. “Adam Smith's Economics and the Modern Minimum Wage Debate: The Large Distance Separating Kirkcaldy from Chicago.” Journal of Labor Research 37 (1): 29–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2017. “The Origins and Theoretical Foundation of Original Institutional Economics Reconsidered.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 39 (3): 293–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2018. “How Capitalism Endogenously Creates Rising Income Inequality and Economic Crisis: The Macro Political Economy Model of Early Industrial Relations.” Industrial Relations 57 (1): 1–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Bruce. 2019. “A Theoretical Framework for Labor, Work, and Employment Research.” In Handbook of the Politics of Labour, Work, and Employment, edited by Gregor Gall, 10‐47. Northamption: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, Clark. 1977. Labor Markets and Wage Determination. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, Clark. 1994. “The Social Economics Revisionists: The ‘Real World’ Study of Labor Markets and Institutions.” In Labor Economics and Industrial Relations: Markets and Institutions, edited by Clark Kerr and Paul Staudohar, 66–108. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, Clark, and Paul Staudohar. 1994. Labor Economics and Industrial Relations: Markets and Institutions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keynes, John. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lavoie, Mark. 2014. Post‐Keynesian Economics. Northampton: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Lavoie, Mark. 2016. “Frederic Lee and Post‐Keynesian Pricing Theory.” Review of Political Economy 28 (2): 169–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazear, Edward. 2000. “Economic Imperialism.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (1): 99–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Frederic. 1990–1991. “Marginalist Controversy and Post‐Keynesian Price Theory.” Journal of Post‐Keynesian Economics 13 (2): 252–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenstein, Harvey. 1978. General X‐Efficiency Theory and Economic Development. New York: Oxford..
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, Megan de Linde, Thomas Stanley, and Hristos Doucouliagos, . 2014. “Does the UK Minimum Wage Reduce Employment? A Meta‐Regression Analysis.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 52 (3): 499–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, Thomas. 2000. “The Very Idea of Applying Economics: The Modern Minimum Wage Controversy and its Antecedents.” History of Political Economy 32 (Supplement): 117–44.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1941. Economics of Labor. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1946. “Shortcomings of Marginal Analysis for Wage‐Employment Problems.” American Economic Review 36 (1): 63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1947. “Marginalism, Minimum Wages, and Labor Markets.” American Economic Review 37 (1): 135–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1949. “Equilibrium of the Firm.” American Economic Review 36(March), 478–84.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1951. Labor and Industrial Relations, A General Analysis. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1952. “A Range Theory of Wage Differentials.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 5(4): 483–500.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1960. “Communications: Employment Effects of Minimum Wages.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 13 (2): 254–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1964. Economics of Labor, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1988. “Wages, Benefits, and Company Employment Systems.” In How Labor Markets Work: Reflections on Theory and Practice by John Dunlop, Clark Kerr, Richard Lester, and Lloyd Reynolds, edited by Bruce E. Kaufman, 89–116. Lexington: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, Richard. 1994. “Wage Differentials and Minimum Wage Effects. In Labor Economics and Industrial Relations: Markets and Institutions, edited by Clark Kerr and Paul Staudohar, 189–205. Boston: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leven‐Waldman, Oren. 2015. “Why the Minimum‐Wage Orthodoxy Reigns Supreme.” Challenge 58 (1): 29–50.
   Google Scholar
• Machlup, Fritz. 1946. “Marginal Analysis and Empirical Research.” American Economic Review 36 (December): 519–54.
   Google Scholar
• Machlup, Fritz. 1947. “Rejoinder to an Anti‐Marginalist.” American Economic Review 37 (1): 148–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, Alan. 2005. “Monopsony and Labor Demand.” Brussels Economic Journal 48 (1–2): 95–112.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, Alan. 2006. “A Generalized Model of Monopsony”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (Jan.): 84–100.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, David. 1999. A Theory of Employment Systems. London: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• McNulty, Paul. 1980. The Origins and Development of Labor Economics. Boston: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Millis, Harry. 1935. “The Union in Industry: Some Observations on the Theory of Collective Bargaining.” American Economic Review 25 (1): 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mirowski, Philip, and Dieter Plehwe. 2009. The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mongrin, Philippe. 1997. “The Marginalist Controversy.” In Handbook of Economic Methodology, edited by John Davis, Wade Hands, and Uskali Maki, 568–62. Northampton: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Neumark, David. 2002. “Drawing the Lines.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 55 (4): 716–23.
   Google Scholar
• Neumark, David, and William Wascher. 2007. “Minimum Wages and Employment.” IZA Discussion Paper 2570. Bonn: IZA.
   Google Scholar
• Neumark, David, and William Wascher. 2008. Minimum Wages. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neumark, David, and William Wascher. 2017. “Reply to ‘Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies.” Industrial and labor Relations Review 70 (3): 593–609.
   Google Scholar
• Nitta, Michio, and Jongwon Woo. 2019. “Comparing Minimum Wage Settings Mechanisms in Japan and Korea: Searching for the Source of Differences.” Korean Journal of Industrial Relations 29(1): 107–32.
   Google Scholar
• Okudaira, Hiroko, Miho Takizawa, and Kenta Yamenouchi. 2019. “Minimum Wage Effects Across Heterogeneous Markets.” Labour Economics 59: 110–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson, Frank. 1957. New Concepts in Wage Determination. New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pollin, Robert, and Jeanette, Wicks–Lim. 2018. “A $15 U.S. Minimum Wage: How the Fast‐Food Industry Could Adjust without Shedding Jobs.” Journal of Economic Issues 50 (3): 716–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, Marilyn. 1999. “Parasitic Industries Analysis and Arguments for a Living Wage for Women in the Early Twentieth‐Century United States.” Feminist Economics 5 (1): 61–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasch, Robert. 1998. “American Economists and Minimum Wage Legislation During the Progressive Era, 1912–1923.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20 (2): 161–75.
   Google Scholar
• Prasch, Robert. 2005. “The Social Cost of Labor.” Journal of Economic Issues 39 (2): 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasch, Robert. 2007. “Professor Lester and the Neoclassicals: The ‘Marginalist Controversy’ and the Postwar Academic Debate on Minimum Wage Legislation, 1945–1950.” Journal of Economic Issues 41 (3): 809–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reder, Melvin. 1958. “Wage Determination in Theory and Practice.” In A Decade of Industrial Relations Research 1946–1956, edited by Neil Chamberlain, Frank Pierson, and Theresa Wolfson, 64–97. Madison: IRRA.
   Google Scholar
• Rees, Albert. 1973. The Economics of Work and Pay. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, Lloyd. 1951. The Structure of Labor Markets. New York: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Joan. 1933. Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sabia, Joseph, Burkhauser, Richard, and Benjamin Hansen. 2012. “Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small? New Evidence from a Case Study of New York State.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 65 (2): 350–76.”
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, John. 2015. “Explaining the Small Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage in the United States.” Industrial Relations 54 (4): 547–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, Martin. 1986. “Post‐Institutionalism in Labor Economics: The Forties and Fifties Revisited.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (3): 388–403.
   Google Scholar
• Sowell, Thomas. 1993. “A Student's Eye View of George Stigler.” Journal of Political Economy 101 (5): 784–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabile, Donald. 2008. The Living Wage: Lessons from the History of Thought. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Stabile, Donald. 2016. The Political Economy of the Living Wage: Progressives, the New Deal and Social Justice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Stigler, George. 1942. Theory of Competitive Price. Boston: Little Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Stigler, George. 1946. “The Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation.” American Economic Review 36 (3): 358–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigler, George. 1947. “Professor Lester and the Marginalists.” American Economic Review 37 (1): 154–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taras, Daphne. 1997. “Managerial Intensions and Wage Determination in the Canadian Petroleum Industry.” Industrial Relations 36 (2): 178–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurow, Lester. 1975. Generating Inequality. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wachter, Michael. 2012. “Neoclassical Labor Economics: Its Implications for Labor and Employment Law.” In Research Handbook on the Economics of Labor and Employment Law, edited by Cynthia Estlund and Michael Wachter, 20–51. Northampton: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Waldman, Michael. 2016. “The Dual Avenues of Labor Market Signaling.” Labour Economics 41 (August): 120–34.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, J. Raymond. 1942. “Book Review: Economics of Labor.” American Economic Review 32 (1): 187–88.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, Sidney. 1912. “The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage.” Journal of Political Economy 20 (10): 973–98.
   Google Scholar
• Whalen, Charles. 2013. “Post‐Keynesian Institutionalism after the Great Recession.” European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies 10 (1): 12–27.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, Oliver. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Madelyn, and Bruce Kaufman. 1997. “Interfirm Wage Differentials in a Local Labor Market: The Case of the Fast‐Food Industry.” Journal of Labor Research 18(3): 463–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar