A national survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the USA: Results from the Bee Informed Partnership for 2020–21 and 2021–22

References

• Ahn, K., Xie, X., Riddle, J., Pettis, J., & Huang, Z. Y. (2012). Effects of long distance transportation on honey bee physiology. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2012, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/193029
   Google Scholar
• Albarrak, A. B., & Gray, A. (2023). Seasonal colony loss rates and honey bee management in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Results of a survey of beekeepers. Insects, 14(6), 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14060513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alger, S. A., Alexander Burnham, P., Lamas, Z. S., Brody, A. K., & Richardson, L. L. (2018). Home sick: Impacts of migratory beekeeping on honey bee (Apis mellifera) pests, pathogens, and colony size. PeerJ, 6, e5812. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antúnez, K., Invernizzi, C., Mendoza, Y., vanEngelsdorp, D., & Zunino, P. (2017). Honey bee colony losses in Uruguay during 2013–2014. Apidologie, 48(3), 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-016-0482-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodschneider, R., Gray, A., van der Zee, R., Adjlane, N., Brusbardis, V., Charrière, J.-D., Chlebo, R., Coffey, M. F., Crailsheim, K., Dahle, B., Danihlík, J., Danneels, E., de Graaf, D. C., Dražić, M. M., Fedoriak, M., Forsythe, I., Golubovski, M., Gregorc, A., Grzęda, U., … Woehl, S. (2016). Preliminary analysis of loss rates of honey bee colonies during winter 2015/16 from the COLOSS survey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 55(5), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1260240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodschneider, R., Moosbeckhofer, R., & Crailsheim, K. (2010). Surveys as a tool to record winter losses of honey bee colonies: A two year case study in Austria and South Tyrol. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckner, S., Straub, L., Neumann, P., & Williams, G. R. (2023). Negative but antagonistic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor on Apis mellifera honey bee food glands. Chemosphere, 313, 137535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckner, S., Wilson, M., Aurell, D., Rennich, K., vanEngelsdorp, D., Steinhauer, N., & Williams, G. R. (2023). A national survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the USA: Results from the Bee Informed Partnership for 2017–18, 2018–19, and 2019–20. Journal of Apicultural Research, 62(3), 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2158586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calovi, M., Grozinger, C. M., Miller, D. A., & Goslee, S. C. (2021). Summer weather conditions influence winter survival of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the northeastern United States. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81051-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAPA (2022). Statement on honey bee wintering losses in Canada (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Chauzat, M. P., Martel, A. C., Zeggane, S., Drajnudel, P., Schurr, F., Clément, M. C., Ribière-Chabert, M., Aubert, M., & Faucon, J. P. (2010). A case control study and a survey on mortalities of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) in France during the winter of 2005–6. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernick, M. R., & LaBudde, R. A. (2011). An introduction to bootstrap methods with applications to R. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, L. J. (2014). Increase essentials: Nuclei, management, wintering (2nd ed.). Wicwas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, M. J. (2013). The R book (2nd ed.). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• EPILOBEE Consortium, Chauzat, M.-P., Jacques, A., Laurent, M., Bougeard, S., Hendrikx, P., & Ribière-Chabert, M. (2016). Risk indicators affecting honey bee colony survival in Europe: One year of surveillance. Apidologie, 47(3), 348–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-016-0440-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faurot-Daniels, C., Glenny, W., Daughenbaugh, K. F., McMenamin, A. J., Burkle, L. A., & Flenniken, M. L. (2020). Longitudinal monitoring of honey bee colonies reveals dynamic nature of virus abundance and indicates a negative impact of Lake Sinai virus 2 on colony health. PLOS One, 15(9), e0237544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier, M. T., Mullin, C. A., Frazier, J. L., Ashcraft, S. A., Leslie, T. W., Mussen, E. C., & Drummond, F. A. (2015). Assessing honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging populations and the potential impact of pesticides on eight U.S. crops. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108(5), 2141–2152. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genersch, E., von der Ohe, W., Kaatz, H., Schroeder, A., Otten, C., Büchler, R., Berg, S., Ritter, W., Mühlen, W., Gisder, S., Meixner, M., Liebig, G., & Rosenkranz, P. (2010). The German bee monitoring project: A long term study to understand periodically high winter losses of honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 41(3), 332–352. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrich, B. K., Williams, J. C., & Goodhue, R. E. (2019). The great bee migration: Supply analysis of honey bee colony shipments into California for almond pollination services. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 101(5), 1353–1372. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaz046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, A., Adjlane, N., Arab, A., Ballis, A., Brusbardis, V., Bugeja Douglas, A., Cadahía, L., Charrière, J.-D., Chlebo, R., Coffey, M. F., Cornelissen, B., Costa, C. A. d., Danneels, E., Danihlík, J., Dobrescu, C., Evans, G., Fedoriak, M., Forsythe, I., Gregorc, A., … Brodschneider, R. (2023). Honey bee colony loss rates in 37 countries using the COLOSS survey for winter 2019–2020: The combined effects of operation size, migration and queen replacement. Journal of Apicultural Research, 62(2), 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2113329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzmán-Novoa, E., Eccles, L., Calvete, Y., McGowan, J., Kelly, P. G., & Correa-Benítez, A. (2010). Varroa destructor is the main culprit for the death and reduced populations of overwintered honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in Ontario, Canada. Apidologie, 41(4), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., & Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal, 50(3), 346–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200810425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannone, R., Cheng, J., Schloerke, B., Hughes, E., & Seo, J. (2022). gt: Easily create presentation-ready display tables. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gt
   Google Scholar
• Insolia, L., Molinari, R., Rogers, S. R., Williams, G. R., Chiaromonte, F., & Calovi, M. (2022). Honey bee colony loss linked to parasites, pesticides and extreme weather across the United States. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20787. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24946-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, C. J., & Ellis, J. D. (2021). Integrated Pest Management control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), the most damaging pest of (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) colonies. Journal of Insect Science, 21(5), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieab058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulhanek, K., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Caron, D. M., Sagili, R. R., Pettis, J. S., Ellis, J. D., Wilson, M. E., Wilkes, J. T., Tarpy, D. R., Rose, R., Lee, K., Rangel, J., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2017). A national survey of managed honey bee 2015–2016 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(4), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2017.1344496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. V., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M. E., Tarpy, D. R., Caron, D. M., Rose, R., Delaplane, K. S., Baylis, K., Lengerich, E. J., Pettis, J., Skinner, J. A., Wilkes, J. T., Sagili, R., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2015). A national survey of managed honey bee 2013–2014 annual colony losses in the USA. Apidologie, 46(3), 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0356-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, S. J. (2001). The role of Varroa and viral pathogens in the collapse of honey bee colonies: A modelling approach. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(5), 1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00662.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, S. J., Highfield, A. C., Brettell, L., Villalobos, E. M., Budge, G. E., Powell, M., Nikaido, S., & Schroeder, D. C. (2012). Global honey bee viral landscape altered by a parasitic mite. Science, 336(6086), 1304–1306. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1220941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA-NCEI (2022). Annual 2021 drought report. Retrieved from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/drought/202113
   Google Scholar
• Overturf, K. A., Steinhauer, N., Molinari, R., Wilson, M. E., Watt, A. C., Cross, R. M., vanEngelsdorp, D., Williams, G. R., & Rogers, S. R. (2022). Winter weather predicts honey bee colony loss at the national scale. Ecological Indicators, 145, 109709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirk, C. W. W., Human, H., Crewe, R. M., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2014). A survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the Republic of South Africa–2009 to 2011. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollinator Health Task Force (2015). National strategy to promote the health of honey bees and other pollinators. The White House. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. (2010). Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(6), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Python Software Foundation (2022). Python 3.10.5 documentation (3.10.5). Retrieved from https://docs.python.org/3/
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Requier, F., Antúnez, K., Morales, C. L., Aldea Sánchez, P., Castilhos, D., Garrido, P. M., Giacobino, A., Reynaldi, F. J., Rosso Londoño, J. M., Santos, E., & Garibaldi, L. A. (2018). Trends in beekeeping and honey bee colony losses in Latin America. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57(5), 657–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1494919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinkevich, F. D. (2020). Detection of amitraz resistance and reduced treatment efficacy in the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, within commercial beekeeping operations. PLOS One, 15(1), e0227264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, D., Hayes, A., & Couch, S. (2022). broom: Convert statistical objects into tidy tibbles. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=broom
   Google Scholar
• Seitz, N., Traynor, K. S., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M. E., Ellis, J. D., Rose, R., Tarpy, D. R., Sagili, R. R., Caron, D. M., Delaplane, K. S., Rangel, J., Lee, K., Baylis, K., Wilkes, J. T., Skinner, J. A., Pettis, J. S., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2015). A national survey of managed honey bee 2014–2015 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 54(4), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1153294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone-Finstrom, M., Li-Byarlay, H., Huang, M. H., Strand, M. K., Rueppell, O., & Tarpy, D. R. (2016). Migratory management and environmental conditions affect lifespan and oxidative stress in honey bees. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 32023. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smart, M. D., Pettis, J. S., Euliss, N., & Spivak, M. S. (2016). Land use in the Northern Great Plains region of the U.S. influences the survival and productivity of honey bee colonies. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 230, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spleen, A. M., Lengerich, E. J., Rennich, K., Caron, D., Rose, R., Pettis, J. S., Henson, M., Wilkes, J. T., Wilson, M., Stitzinger, J., Lee, K., Andree, M., Snyder, R., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2013). A national survey of managed honey bee 2011–12 winter colony losses in the United States: Results from the Bee Informed Partnership. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(2), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.2.07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauer, N., Kulhanek, K., Antúnez, K., Human, H., Chantawannakul, P., Chauzat, M.-P., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2018). Drivers of colony losses. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 26, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M. E., Caron, D. M., Lengerich, E. J., Pettis, J. S., Rose, R., Skinner, J. A., Tarpy, D. R., Wilkes, J. T., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2014). A national survey of managed honey bee 2012–2013 annual colony losses in the USA: Results from the Bee Informed Partnership. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauer, N., vanEngelsdorp, D., & Saegerman, C. (2021). Prioritizing changes in management practices associated with reduced winter honey bee colony losses for US beekeepers. The Science of the Total Environment, 753, 141629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA-NASS (2009). Honey report.
   Google Scholar
• USDA-NASS (2020). Honey report.
   Google Scholar
• USDA-NASS (2021). Honey bee colonies.
   Google Scholar
• USDA-NASS (2022a). 2022 California almond forecast.
   Google Scholar
• USDA-NASS (2022b). Honey bee colonies.
   Google Scholar
• USDA-NASS (2022c). Honey report.
   Google Scholar
• van der Zee, R., Pisa, L., Andonov, S., Brodschneider, R., Charrière, J.-D., Chlebo, R., Coffey, M. F., Crailsheim, K., Dahle, B., Gajda, A., Gray, A., Drazic, M. M., Higes, M., Kauko, L., Kence, A., Kence, M., Kezic, N., Kiprijanovska, H., Kralj, J., … Wilkins, S. (2012). Managed honey bee colony losses in Canada, China, Europe, Israel and Turkey, for the winters of 2008–9 and 2009–10. Journal of Apicultural Research, 51(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.51.1.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dooremalen, C., Gerritsen, L., Cornelissen, B., van der Steen, J. J. M., van Langevelde, F., & Blacquière, T. (2012). Winter survival of individual honey bees and honey bee colonies depends on level of Varroa destructor infestation. PLOS One, 7(4), e36285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., & Meixner, M. D. (2010). A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 Suppl 1, S80–S95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., Caron, D., Hayes, J., Underwood, R., Henson, M., Rennich, K., Spleen, A., Andree, M., Snyder, R., Lee, K., Roccasecca, K., Wilson, M., Wilkes, J., Lengerich, E., & Pettis, J. (2012). A national survey of managed honey bee 2010–11 winter colony losses in the USA: Results from the Bee Informed Partnership. Journal of Apicultural Research, 51(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.51.1.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., Hayes, J., Underwood, R. M., & Pettis, J. (2008). A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008. PLOS One, 3(12), e4071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., Hayes, J., Underwood, R. M., & Pettis, J. S. (2010). A survey of honey bee colony losses in the United States, fall 2008 to spring 2009. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., Hayes, J., Underwood, R. M., Caron, D., & Pettis, J. (2011). A survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the USA, fall 2009 to winter 2010. Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., Lengerich, E., Spleen, A., Dainat, B., Cresswell, J., Baylis, K., Nguyen, B. K., Soroker, V., Underwood, R., Human, H., Le Conte, Y., & Saegerman, C. (2013). Standard epidemiological methods to understand and improve Apis mellifera health. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanEngelsdorp, D., Underwood, R., Caron, D., & Hayes, J. Jr. (2007). Estimate of managed colony losses in the winter of 2006–2007: A report commissioned by the Apiary Inspectors of America. American Bee Journal, 147, 599–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, A., Lin, C.-H., Kurkul, C., Regan, E. R., & Johnson, R. M. (2019). Combined toxicity of insecticides and fungicides applied to California almond orchards to honey bee larvae and adults. Insects, 10(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10010020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4
   Google Scholar
• Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T., Miller, E., Bache, S., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D., Spinu, V., … Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
   Google Scholar
• Zee, R., Brodschneider, R., Brusbardis, V., Charrière, J.-D., Chlebo, R., Coffey, M. F., Dahle, B., Drazic, M. M., Kauko, L., Kretavicius, J., Kristiansen, P., Mutinelli, F., Otten, C., Peterson, M., Raudmets, A., Santrac, V., Seppälä, A., Soroker, V., Topolska, G., Vejsnæs, F., & Gray, A. (2014). Results of international standardised beekeeper surveys of colony losses for winter 2012–2013: Analysis of winter loss rates and mixed effects modelling of risk factors for winter loss. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar