A rapid protocol for generating arthropod DNA barcodes suitable for use with undergraduate students

References

• Agnarsson, I., M. Kuntner, and A. Paterson. 2007. “Taxonomy in a Changing World: Seeking Solutions for a Science in Crisis.” Systematic Biology 56 (3): 531–539. doi:10.1080/10635150701424546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, R. D. H., and P. D. N. Hebert. 2005. “Identifying Spiders through DNA Barcodes.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 83 (3): 481–491. doi:10.1139/z05-024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, M., H. Henter, and S. Mel. 2014. “From Bugs to Barcodes: Using Molecular Tools to Study Biodiversity.” Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching 35: 41–55.
   Google Scholar
• CodonCode Corporation. 2018. “CodonCode Aligner Version 8.02.” Online at https://www.codoncode.com, accessed 27th November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Dayrat, B. 2005. “Towards Integrative Taxonomy.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00503.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinburgh Genomics. 2018. “University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.” Online at https://genomics.ed.ac.uk, accessed 27th November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, B., and P. Green. 1998. “Base-Calling of Automated Sequencer Traces Using Phred. II. Error Probabilities.” Genome Research 8 (3): 186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folmer, O., M. Black, W. Hoeh, R. Lutz, and R. Vrijenhoek. 1994. “DNA Primers for Amplification of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I from Diverse Metazoan Invertebrates.” Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3 (5): 294–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garrison, N. L., J. Rodriguez, I. Agnarsson, J. A. Coddington, C. E. Griswold, C. A. Hamilton, M. Hedin, K. M. Kocot, J. M. Ledford, and J. E. Bond. 2016. “Spider Phylogenomics: Untangling the Spider Tree of Life.” PeerJ 4: e1719. doi:10.7717/peerj.1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geospiza, Inc. 2016. “FinchTV V.1.4.0.”. Online at https://digitalworldbiology.com/FinchTV, accessed 27th November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Gloor, G. B., and W. R. Engels. 1992. “Single-Fly DNA Preps for PCR.” Drosophila Information Service 71: 148–149.
   Google Scholar
• Hajibabaei, M., G. A. C. Singer, P. D. N. Hebert, and D. A. Hickey. 2007. “DNA Barcoding: How It Complements Taxonomy, Molecular Phylogenetics and Population Genetics.” Trends in Genetics 23 (4): 167–172. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, S. E., and M. Bellino. 2013. “DNA Barcoding from NYC to Belize.” Science 342 (6165): 1462–1463. doi:10.1126/science.1230006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert, P. D. N., and T. R. Gregory. 2005. “The Promise of DNA Barcoding for Taxonomy.” Systematic Biology 54 (5): 852–859. doi:10.1080/10635150500354886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henter, H. J., R. Imondi, K. James, D. Spencer, and D. Steinke. 2016. “DNA Barcoding in Diverse Educational Settings: Five Case Studies.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371: 1702. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, J. H. 2006. “Connecting Professional Development to Student Learning Gains.” Science Educator 15 (1): 37–43.
   Google Scholar
• iBOL (International Barcode of Life Project). (2018). “Lepidoptera Barcode of Life Project. Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph.” Online at www.lepbarcoding.org, accessed 27th November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. A., K. K. Beentjes, P. van Helsdingen, and S. Ijland. 2013. “Which Specimens from A Museum Collection Will Yield DNA Barcodes? A Time Series Study of Spiders in Alcohol.” ZooKeys, no. 365: 245–261. doi:10.3897/zookeys.365.5787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology information). 2018. “U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, USA.” Online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 27th November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• NERC (Natural Environment Research Council). 2012. “NERC Postgraduate and Professional Skills Needs Review.” Online at https://nerc.ukri.org/skills/postgrad/policy/skillsreview/2012/skills-framework/:NERC Accessed 12th June 2018
   Google Scholar
• Pante, E., C. Schoelinck, and N. Puillandre. 2015. “From Integrative Taxonomy to Species Description: One Step Beyond.” Systematic Biology 64 (1): 152–160. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquin, P., and C. J. Vink. 2009. “Testing Compatibility between Molecular and Morphological Techniques for Arthropod Systematics: A Minimally Destructive DNA Extraction Method that Preserves Morphological Integrity, and the Effect of Lactic Acid on DNA Quality.” Journal of Insect Conservation 13 (4): 453–457. doi:10.1007/s10841-008-9183-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnasingham, S., and P. D. N. Hebert. 2007. “Bold: The Barcode of Life Data System.” Molecular Ecology Notes 7 (3): 355–364. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. J. 1987. The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 2. Linyphiidae and Checklist. Essex: Harley Books, Martins.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. J. 1995. Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. London: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Sangster, G., and J. A. Luksenburg. 2015. “Declining Rates of Species Described per Taxonomist: Slowdown of Progress or a Side-Effect of Improved Quality in Taxonomy?” Systematic Biology 64 (1): 144–151. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SRS (Spider Recording Scheme). 2018. Online at http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk, accessed 27th November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• WSC (World Spider Catalog). 2018. “World Spider Catalog. Version 19.5. Natural History Museum Bern.” online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, accessed on 27th November 2018
   Google Scholar