Africa’s Evolving Employment Trends

References

• Adesugba, M. A., & Mavrotas, G. (2016). Delving deeper into the agricultural transformation and youth employment nexus: The Nigerian case. NSSP Working Paper 31. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/130281
   Google Scholar
• AfDB, OECD, and UNDP (2014). African economic outlook 2014: Global value chains and Africa’s industrialisation. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/book/aeo-2014-en
   Google Scholar
• African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET). (2014). Growth with depth: 2014 African transformation report. Accra, Ghana: African Center for Economic Transformation. Retrieved from http://africantransformation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014-african-transformation-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Allen, A., Howard, J., Kondo, M., Jamison, A., Jayne, T., Snyder, J., … Yeboah, F. K. (2016), Agrifood Youth Employment and Engagement Study (AgYees), Michigan State University, International Studies and Programs, East Lansing.
   Google Scholar
• Aryeetey, E., Baah-Boateng, W., Ackah, C. G., Lehrer, K., & Mbiti, I. (2014). Country studies, Chapter 5, Ghana. In H. Hino & G. Ranis (ed.), Youth and Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Working but poor. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Badiane, O., Ulimwengu, J., & Badibanga, T. (2012). Structural transformation among African economies: Patterns and performance. Development, 55(4), 463–476.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, C. B., Carter, M. R., & Timmer, C. P. (2010). A century-long perspective on agricultural development. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92(2), 447–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchemin, C. (2011). Rural-urban migration in West Africa: Towards a reversal? Migration trends and economic situation in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire. Population, Space and Place, 17(1), 47–72. doi:10.1002/psp.573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezu, S., & Holden, S. (2014). Are rural youth in Ethiopia abandoning agriculture? World Development, 64, 259–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsborrow, R. E. (2002). Migration, population change, and the rural environment. In G. D. Dabelko (ed.), Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 8. Washington, DC: Environmental Change and Security Project, The Woodrow Wilson Center.
   Google Scholar
• Bocquier, P. (2005). World urbanization prospects: An alternative to the UN model of projection compatible with urban transition theory. Demographic Research, 12, 197–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canning, D., Raja, S., & Yazbeck, A. S. (2015). Africa’s demographic transition: Dividend or Disaster? Africa development forum; Washington, DC: World Bank; and Agence Française de Développement. World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22036
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin, J., & Ricker-Gilbert, J. (2016). Participation in rural land rental markets in sub-Saharan Africa: Who benefits and by how much? Evidence from Malawi and Zambia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 98(5), 1507–1528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiaensen, L., Demery, L., & Kuhl, J. (2011). The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction: An empirical perspective. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 239–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, G., Timmer, M., & De Vries, K. (2015). Structural transformation in Africa: Static gains, dynamic losses. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(6), 674–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deBraw, A., Mueller, V., & Lee., H. (2014). The role of rural–urban migration in the structural transformation of sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 63, 33–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dome, M. Z. (2015). A Window of Policy Priorities: Evidence from Citizens of 34 African Countries. Afrobarometer policy paper no. 18. Accra, Ghana: Afrobarometer. Retrieved from http://afrobarometer.org/publications/pp18-window-policy-priorities-evidence-citizens-34-african-countries
   Google Scholar
• Duarte, M., & Restuccia, D. (2010). The role of the structural transformation in aggregate productivity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(1), 129–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. (2017). FAOSTAT database collections. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org
   Google Scholar
• Fields, G. (2015). Aid, growth and jobs. African Development Review, 27(S1), 5–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer, D., & Fox, L. (2014). Youth employment in sub-Saharan Africa. Africa development series. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16608/9781464801075.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fine, D., Van Wamelen, A., Lund, S., Cabral, A., Taoufiki, M., Dörr, N., … Cook, P. (2012). Africa at work: Job creation and inclusive growth. Boston: McKinsey Global Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, L., Haines, C., Muñoz, J. H., & Thomas, A. (2013). Africa’s got work to Do: Employment prospects in the new century. IMF Working Paper No. 13/201. Washington, DC: IMF. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484389195.001
   Google Scholar
• Fox, L., Senbet, S. L. W., & Simbanegavi, W. (2016). Youth employment in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges, constraints and opportunities. Journal of African Economies, 25(1), 3–15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, L., & Thomas, A. (2016). Africa’s got work to do: A diagnostic of youth employment challenges in sub–Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies, 25(1), i16–i36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuglie, K. O. (2015). Agricultural Total Factor Productivity Growth Indices for Individual Countries 1961–2012. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Services. Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, M. (2013). Older women, older farmers—the hidden face of agriculture. Briefing, London: HelpAge. Retrieved from http://www.helpage.org/silo/files/older-women-older-farmers-the-hidden-face-of-agriculture.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. B .R., & Dorosh, P. A. (2007). Sectoral growth linkages between agriculture and the rural nonfarm economy. In S. Haggblade, P. B.R. Hazell, & T. Reardon (Eds.), Transforming the rural nonfarm economy: Opportunities and threats in the developing world. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60, 126–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollinger, F., & Staatz, J. M. (2015). Agricultural Growth in West Africa: Market and Policy Drivers. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and African Development Bank. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4337e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization (1982). Resolutions concerning economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment. Adopted by the 13th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, October 1982, para. 10. Geneva: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization (1993): Fifteenth international conference of labour statisticians, report of the conference. ICLS/15/D.6 (Rev. 1). International Labour Office, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization (2015). Global employment trends for youth 2015: Scaling up investments in decent jobs for youth. Geneva: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund. (2013). Regional economic outlook - sub-Saharan Africa: Building momentum in a multi-speed world. Washington DC: IMF.
   Google Scholar
• Jayne, T. S., Chamberlin, J. B., Sitko, N., Traub, L. N., Yeboah, F., Muyanga, M., … Kachule, R. (2016). Africa’s changing farm size distribution patterns: The rise of medium-scale farms. Agricultural Economics, 47(S1), 197–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, B. F., & Kilby, P. (1975). Agriculture and structural transformation: Economic strategies in late developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, B. F., & Mellor, J. W. (1961). The role of agriculture in economic development. American Economic Review, 51(4), 566–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöhr, H. (2012). Where are the future farmers to grow our food? International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 15(Special Issue A), 1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Porta, R., & Shleifer, A. (2014). Informality and Development. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 109–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton, M. (2005). Crop science, poverty, and the family farm in a globalizing world. 2020 IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 40. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Losch, B. (2012). Agriculture: The Key to the Employment Challenge. Perspective No. 19. Montpellier: CIRAD.
   Google Scholar
• Masters, W., Rosenblum, N., & Alemu, R. (2018). Agricultural transformation, nutrition transition and food policy in Africa: Preston curves reveal new stylised facts. Journal of Development Studies, 54(5), 788–802. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2018.1430768
   Google Scholar
• McArthur, J. W., & McCord, G. C. (2017). Fertilizing growth: Agricultural inputs and their effects in economic development. Journal of Development Economics, 127, 133–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, E. B. (2015) ‘Labor productivity and employment gaps in sub-Saharan Africa’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 7234.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, M., & Harttgen, K. (2014). The changing structure of Africa’s economies. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 20077. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/57803/McMillian_ChangingAfrica_140317.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mellor, J. W. (1976). The new economics of growth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moriconi-Ebrard, F., Harre, D., & Heinrigs, P. (2016). Urbanisation dynamics in West Africa 1950-2010: Africapolis I, 2015 update. Paris: West African Studies, OECD Publishing. 10.1787/9789264252233-en
   Google Scholar
• Moyo, J. (2015). Urban farming mushrooms in africa amid food deficits. Inter Press Service News Agency. September 2, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/09/urban-farming-mushrooms-in-africa-amid-food-deficits/
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2015). Working-age Population (Indicator). Paris: OECD. Retrieved from 10.1787/d339918b-en
   Google Scholar
• Page, J., & Shimeles, A. (2015). Aid, employment and poverty reduction in Africa. African Development Review, 27(S1), 17–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, D. (2009). The slowing of sub-Saharan Africa’s urbanization: Evidence and implications for urban livelihoods. Environment and Urbanization, 21(1), 253–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, D. (2012). Whatever happened to Africa’s rapid urbanisation? World Economics, 13(2), 1729.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, D. (2013). Urban Livelihoods and Urbanization Trends in Africa: Winners and Losers? Environment, politics and development working paper series paper no. 57. London: Department of Geography, King’s College London. Retrieved from http://urban-africa-china.angonet.org/sites/default/files/resource_files/african_migration_urban_development_-_potts_-_kings_college_2013_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Proctor, F. J., & Lucchesi, V. (2012). Small-scale farming and youth in an era of rapid rural change. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Rakotoarisoa, M., Iafrate, M., & Paschali, M. (2011). Why has Africa become a net food importer? Explaining Africa agricultural and food trade deficits. Rome: Trade and Markets Division, FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Sackey, J., Liverpool-Tasie, S., Salau, S., & Awoyemi, T. (2012). Rural-urban transformation in Nigeria. Journal of African Development, 14.2, 131–168.
   Google Scholar
• Timmer, P. (1988). The agricultural transformation. In H. Cheneo’ & T. N. Srinivasan (Eds.), Handbook of development economics (Vol. I, pp. 275–330, 882). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tschirley, D., Snyder, J., Dolislager, D., Reardon, T., Haggblade, S., Goeb, J., … Meyer, F. (2015). Africa’s unfolding diet transformation: implications for agri-food system employment. Journal Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 5(2), 102–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulimwengu, J., Collins, J., Yeboah, F. K., & Traub, L. N. (2016). Driving economic transformation. In Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). 2016. Africa Agriculture Status Report: Progress towards an Agriculture Transformation in Sub-Saharan, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (2016) World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision. New York: Author. Retrieved from https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/DataQuery/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (2017) UN commodity trade statistics database. New York: United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved from https://comtrade.un.org/
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, U. D., Gipson, J. D., Withers, M., Lewis, S., Ciaraldi, E. J., Fraser, A., … Prata, N. (2014, 2014 Aug). Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 115, 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, R. (2015). Thought for Food: Strengthening global governance of food security. committee for development policy background paper no. 29. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, NY. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2015_29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wineman, A., & Jayne, T. S. (2016). Intra-rural migration and pathways to greater well-being: Evidence from Tanzania. MSU Staff Paper, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2017). World Development Indicators 2017. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26447
   Google Scholar
• Yamada, G. (1996). Urban informal employment and self-employment in developing countries: Theory and evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44.2, 291–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeboah, K., & Jayne, T. S. (2016). Africa’s evolving employment structure. International Development Working Paper 148, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
   Google Scholar