References
- Abrahamsen, R., & Bareebe, G. (2016). Uganda’s 2016 elections: Not even faking it anymore. African Affairs, 115(461), 751–765. doi:10.1093/afraf/adw056
- Andrews, M. (2008). The good governance agenda: Beyond indicators without theory. Oxford Development Studies, 36(4), 379–407. doi:10.1080/13600810802455120
- Athumani, H. (2013, July 25). Minister wants tighter law on NGO activities. Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved from https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/minister-wants-tighter-law-on-ngo-activities.
- Baldus, J., Berger-Kern, N., Hetz, F., Poppe, A. E., & Wolff, J. (2019). Preventing civic space restrictions: An exploratory study of successful resistance against NGO laws. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute.
- Banks, N., Hulme, D., & Edwards, M. (2015). NGOs, states, and donors revisited: Still too close for comfort? World Development, 66, 707–718. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.028
- Barkan, J. (Ed.). (2009). African legislatures and the “third wave” of democratization. In Legislative power in emerging African democracies (pp. 1–31). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Berger-Kern, N., Hetz, F., Wagner, R., & Wolff, J. (2021). Defending civic space: Successful resistance against NGO laws in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan. Global Policy, 12(S5), 84–94. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12976
- Bosire, L. K., & Lynch, G. (2014). Kenya’s search for truth and justice: The role of civil society. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 8(2), 256–276. doi:10.1093/ijtj/iju002
- Brass, J. N., Longhofer, W., Robinson, R. S., & Schnable, A. (2018). NGOs and international development: A review of thirty-five years of scholarship. World Development, 112, 136–149. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.016
- Brechenmacher, S. (2017). Civil society under assault: Repression and responses in Russia, Egypt, and Ethiopia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Carey, J. M., & Shugart, M. S. (1995). Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas. Electoral Studies, 14(4), 417–439. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(94)00035-2
- Carothers, T., & Brechenmacher, S. (2014). Closing space: Democracy and human rights support under fire. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Central Asian News Service. (2015). Human Rights Watch concerned over Kazakhstan’s new NGO bill [Newswire]. Bishkek: Central Asian News Service. Retrieved from http://akipress.com/news:567058/.
- Chapter Four Uganda. (n.d.). The NGO ACT timeline. Chapter Four Uganda. Retrieved June 11, 2017, from http://chapterfouruganda.com/timelines/ngo-bill-timeline.
- Cheeseman, N., & Klaas, B. (2018). How to rig an election. London: Yale University Press.
- Committee on Defense and Internal Affairs. (2015). Report on the Non-Governmental Organisations Bill 2015. Kampala: Parliament of the Republic of Uganda.
- Dupuy, K., Ron, J., & Prakash, A. (2016). Hands off my regime! Governments’ restrictions on foreign aid to non-governmental organizations in poor and middle-income countries. World Development, 84, 299–311. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.02.001
- European Commission for Democracy Through Law & OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2013). Joint interim opinion on the draft law amending the law on non-commercial organisations and other legislative acts of the Kyrgyz Republic (Venice Commission Opinion No. 738/2013). Strasbourg: Venice Commission.
- FIDH. (2015, November 24). A call to the President of Kazakhstan not to sign into law the. International Federation for Human Rights. Retrieved from https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/a-call-to-the-president-of-kazakhstan-not-to-sign-into-law-the-ngo.
- Fish, S., & Kroenig, M. (2009). The handbook of national legislatures: A global survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fisher, J. (2012). Managing donor perceptions: Contextualizing Uganda’s 2007 intervention in Somalia. African Affairs, 111(444), 404–423. doi:10.1093/afraf/ads023
- Fisher, J. (2013). The limits – and limiters – of external influence: Donors, the Ugandan Electoral Commission and the 2011 elections. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(3), 471–491. doi:10.1080/17531055.2013.809206
- Freedom House. (2016). Uganda [Freedom in the world – country report]. Washington, DC: Freedom House.
- Golosov, G. V. (2013). Proportional representation and authoritarianism: Evidence from Russia’s regional election law reform. Representation, 49(1), 83–95. doi:10.1080/00344893.2012.751050
- Grishin, A. (2015, December 12). Dismay as NGO law goes through Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law. Retrieved from https://bureau.kz/en/news/kibhr_information/dismay_as_ngo_law/.
- Hansen, T. O., & Sriram, C. L. (2015). Fighting for justice (and survival): Kenyan civil society accountability strategies and their enemies. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 9(3), 407–427. doi:10.1093/ijtj/ijv012
- Horton, P., Rydstrøm, H., & Tonini, M. (2015). Contesting heteronormativity: The fight for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender recognition in India and Vietnam. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(9), 1059–1073. doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1031181
- Hossain, N., Khurana, N., Mohmand, S., Nazneen, S., Oosterom, M., Roberts, T., … Schröder, P. (2018). What does closing civic space mean for development? A literature review and proposed conceptual framework. IDS. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13962.
- Htun, M., & Weldon, S. L. (2010). When do governments promote women’s rights? A framework for the comparative analysis of sex equality policy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 207–216. doi:10.1017/S1537592709992787
- ICNL. (2017a). Civic freedom monitor: Uganda. ICNL. Retrieved from http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/uganda.html.
- ICNL. (2017b). ICNL: Kyrgyz Republic. ICNL. Retrieved from http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/kyrgyz.html.
- ICNL. (2017c, January 5). Civic Freedom Monitor: Kazakhstan. ICNL. Retrieved from http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/kazakhstan.html.
- Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Lelik, A. (2016, May 12). Disputed “foreign agent” law shot down by Kyrgyzstan’s parliament. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/12/foreign-agent-law-shot-down-by-kyrgyzstan-parliament.
- Levitsky, S., & Way, L. (2020). The new competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 31(1), 51–65. doi:10.1353/jod.2020.0004
- Lillis, J. (2017). Kazakhstan [Nations in transit - country report]. Washington, DC: Freedom House.
- Lührmann, A., & Lindberg, S. I. (2019). A third wave of autocratization is here: What is new about it? Democratization, 26(7), 1095–1113. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029
- Lynch, G., Cheeseman, N., & Willis, J. (2019). From peace campaigns to peaceocracy: Elections, order and authority in Africa. African Affairs, 118(472), 603–627. doi:10.1093/afraf/adz019
- Mahoney, J. (2010). After KKV: The new methodology of qualitative research. World Politics, 62(1), 120–147. doi:10.1017/S0043887109990220
- Mukhaye, D. (2019, November 14). Government closes 12,000 NGOs. Daily Monitor. https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Government-closes-12-000-NGOs-Obiga-Kania-verification/688334-5349062-681x55z/index.html.
- Musila, G. M. (2019). Freedoms under threat: The spread of anti-NGO measures in Africa (p. 24). Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/freedom-under-threat-spread-anti-ngo-measures-africa.
- Mwere, D. (2014, October 22). New government bill may cut NGO foreign funding to 15 percent. The Star.
- Naoi, M., & Krauss, E. (2009). Who lobbies whom? Special interest politics under alternative electoral systems. American Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 874–892. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00406.x
- Njugunah, M. (2015, May 22). Kenya: Wide-ranging changes proposed to PBO Act. AllAfrica.Com. https://allafrica.com/stories/201505220983.html.
- Opalo, K. (2013, May 28). Which way forward for Kenya’s Civil Society? African Arguments. https://africanarguments.org/2013/05/28/which-way-forward-for-kenyas-civil-society-by-kennedy-opalo/.
- Oram, J., & Doane, D. (2017). Why shrinking civil society space matters in international development and humanitarian action. Brussels: European Foundation Centre and Funders’ Initiative for Civil Society. http://efc.issuelab.org/resource/why-shrinking-civil-society-space-matters-in-international-development-and-humanitarian-action.html.
- Paget, D. (2018). The rally-intensive campaign: Electioneering and political parties in Tanzania [D. Phil]. Oxford. University of Oxford.
- Rutzen, D. (2015). Civil society under assault. Journal of Democracy, 26(4), 28–39. doi:10.1353/jod.2015.0071
- Tadros, M. (2011). Working politically behind red lines: Structure and agency in a comparative study of women’s coalitions in Egypt and Jordan (Research Paper No. 12). University of Birmingham, Developmental Leadership Program.
- U.S. Mission to the OSCE. (2015a, January 22). On draft legislation in Central Asia impacting NGO operating space: Statement to the PC. U.S. Mission to the OSCE. https://osce.usmission.gov/jan_22_15_central_asia/.
- U.S. Mission to the OSCE. (2015b, May 21). Response to head of the OSCE Programme Office in Astana: Statement to the PC. U.S. Mission to the OSCE. https://osce.usmission.gov/may_21_15_response_to_head_of_osce_astana_programme_office/.
- Wachira, G. M., & Karjala, T. (2016). The struggle for protection of indigenous peoples’ rights in Africa. In D. Short & C. Lennox (Eds.), Handbook of Indigenous peoples’ rights (pp. 394–413). Boca Raton, FL: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203119235-26
- Youngs, R. (2017). Shrinking space for civil society: The EU response [Paper requested by the European Parliament’s Subcommittee on Human Rights]. Brussels. Directorate-General for External Policies, European Parliament.