Increasing Word Recognition with Racially Diverse Second-Grade Students Using Fluency-Oriented Reading Approaches

REFERENCES

• Adams , M. J. 1990 . Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allington , R. L. 2001 . What really matters for struggling readers: Designing research-based interventions , New York , NY : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Ash , G. E. , Kuhn , M. R. and Walpole , S. 2003 . Flying in the face of research: Inservice teachers & their use of Round Robin Reading (research in progress) December Paper presented at the National Reading Conference, Scottsdale, AZ
   Google Scholar
• Beck , I. L. , McKeown , M. G. and Kucan , L. 2002 . Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi , S. and Robinson , J. 1997 . What did you do today? Children's use of time, family composition, and the acquisition of social capital . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 59 : 332 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chall , J. S. 1996 . Stages of reading development (2nd ed.) , Fort Worth , TX : Harcourt-Brace .
   Google Scholar
• Chomsky , C. 1978 . “ When you still can't read in third grade? After decoding, what? ” . In What research has to say about reading instruction , Edited by: Samuels , S. J. 13 – 30 . Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Cowie , R. , Douglas-Cowie , E. and Wichmann , A. 2002 . Prosodic characteristics of skilled reading: Fluency and expressiveness in 8–10-year-old readers . Language and Speech , 45 : 47 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton , K. and Germino-Hausken , E. 2000 . America's kindergartners. Findings from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99, fall 1998 (NCES 2000–070) , Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher , J. M. , Lyon , G. R. , Fuchs , L. S. and Barnes , M. A. 2007 . Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fountas , I. C. and Pinnell , G. S. 1999 . Matching books to readers: Using leveled books in guided reading, K–3 , Portsmouth , NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , L. S. , Fuchs , D. , Hosp , M. K. and Jenkins , J. R. 2001 . Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis . Scientific Studies in Reading , 5 : 239 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , J. 2004, October . Teaching for literacy engagement: Practices, policies, and pitfalls Paper presented at The Governor's Literacy Forum, New Brunswick, NJ
   Google Scholar
• Hart , B. and Risley , T. R. 1995 . Meaningful differences in the everyday experiences of young American children , Baltimore , MD : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. H. and Fisher , C. W. 2005 . A review of the National Reading Panel's studies on fluency: The role of text . Elementary School Journal , 105 : 443 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffereth , S. and Sandberg , J. 2001 . How American children spend their time . Journal of Marriage and Family , 63 : 295 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. V. 1987 . Rethinking the role of oral reading . Elementary School Journal , 87 : 367 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. V. and Crone , S. The oral recitation lesson: A research-derived strategy for reading basal texts . Issues in literacy: A research perspective, 34th yearbook of the National Reading Conference , Edited by: Niles , J. A. and Lalik , R. V. (pp. 76–83). Rochester, NY: National Reading Conference
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. R. , Fuchs , L. S. , van den Broek , P. , Espin , C. and Deno , S. L. 2003 . Sources of individual differences in reading comprehension and reading fluency . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 719 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. 1998 . Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition , Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. 2005 . A comparative study of small group fluency instruction . Reading Psychology , 26 : 127 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. and Schwanenflugel , P. J. 2007 . Fluency in the classroom , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. , Schwanenflugel , P. J. and Meisinger , E. B. 2010 . Aligning theory and assessment of reading fluency: Automaticity, prosody, and definitions of fluency . Reading Research Quarterly , 45 : 230 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. , Schwanenflugel , P. J. , Morris , R. D. , Morrow , L. M. , Gee-Woo , D. , Meisinger , E. B. and … Stahl , S. A. 2006 . Teaching children to become fluent and automatic readers . Journal Literacy Research , 38 : 357 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. and Stahl , S. A. 2003 . Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 3 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBerge , D. and Samuels , S. J. 1974 . Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading . Cognitive Psychology , 6 : 293 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , L. and Caldwell , J. 1995 . Qualitative Reading Inventory–II , Boston , MA : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Logan , G. D. 1997 . Automaticity and reading: Perspectives from the instance theory of automaticity . Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties , 13 : 123 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Mikulecky , L. 1996 . “ Family literacy: Parent and child interactions ” . In Family literacy: Directions in research and implications for practice Edited by: Benjamin , L. A. and Lord , J. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/FamLit/parent.html
   Google Scholar
• Morris , D. and Nelson , L. 1992 . Supported oral reading with low achieving second graders . Reading Research and Instruction , 32 : 49 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagy , W. E. 1988 . Teaching vocabulary to improve reading comprehension , Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• National Reading Panel . 2000 . Report of the subgroups: National Reading Panel , Washington , DC : National Institute of Child Health and Development .
   Google Scholar
• New Jersey Department of Education . 2006 . DOE archives—Abbott History Retrieved http://www.state.nj.us/education/archive/abbotts
   Google Scholar
• Planty , M. , Hussar , W. , Snyder , T. , Kena , G. , KewalRamani , A. , Kemp , J. and … Dinkes , R. 2009 . The Condition of Education 2009 (NCES 2009-081) , Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rasinski , T. V. , Blachowicz , C. and Lems , K. 2006 . Fluency instruction: Research-based best practices , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rasinski , T. V. and Hoffman , J. V . 2003 . Oral reading in the school curriculum . Reading Research Quarterly , 38 : 510 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasinski , T. V. , Padak , N. , Linek , W. and Sturtevant , B. 1994 . Effects of fluency development on urban second-grade readers . The Journal of Educational Research , 87 : 158 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasinski , T. V. , Rikli , A. and Johnston , S. 2009 . Reading fluency: More than automaticity? More than a concern for the primary grades? . Literacy Research and Instruction , 48 : 350 – 361 . doi: 10.1080/19388070802468715
   Google Scholar
• Rasinski , T. V. , Rupley , W. H. and Nichols , W. 2008 . Two essential ingredients: Phonics and fluency getting to know each other . The Reading Teacher , 62 : 257 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reutzel , D. R. , Fawson , P. C. and Smith , J. A. 2008 . Reconsidering silent sustained reading: An exploratory study of scaffolded silent reading . The Journal of Educational Research , 102 : 37 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein , R. 2004 . Class and schools: Using social, economic and educational reform to close the Black-White achievement gap , New York , NY : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein , R. and Wilder , T. The many dimensions of racial inequality campaign for educational equity, Fall 2005 Symposium on the Social Costs of Inadequate Education . Retrieved from http://www.tc.columbia.edu/centers/equitysymposium/symposium/symposium.asp
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , S. J. 1979 . The method of repeated readings . The Reading Teacher , 32 : 403 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels , S. J. 2004 . “ Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading, revisited ” . In Theoretical models and processes , Edited by: Ruddell , R. B. and Unrau , N. J. 1127 – 1148 . Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , S. J. 2006 . “ Reading fluency: It's past, present, and future ” . In Fluency instruction: Research-based best practices , Edited by: Rasinski , T. , Blachowicz , C. and Lems , K. 7 – 20 . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , S. J. and Farstrup , A. E. 2006 . What research has to say about fluency instruction , Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Schwanenflugel , P. J. , Hamilton , A. M. , Kuhn , M. R. , Wisenbaker , J. and Stahl , S. A. 2004 . Becoming a fluent reader: Reading skill and prosodic features in the oral reading of young readers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 119 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwanenflugel , P. J. , Kuhn , M. R. , Morris , R. D. , Morrow , L. M. , Meisinger , E. B. , Gee-Woo , D. and … Sevcik , R. 2009 . Insights into fluency instruction: Short- and long-term effects of two reading programs . Literacy Research and Instruction , 48 : 318 – 336 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stahl , S. A. and Heubach , K. 2005 . Fluency-oriented reading instruction . Journal of Literacy Research , 37 : 25 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl , S. A. and Kuhn , M. R. 2002 . Making it sound like language: Developing fluency . The Reading Teacher , 55 : 582 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl , S. A. , Heubach , K. and Cramond , B. 1997 . Fluency-oriented reading instruction , Athens , GA : National Reading Research Center . (Reading Research Report No. 79)
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1984 . The interactive-compensatory model of reading: A confluence of developmental, experimental, and educational psychology . RASE: Remedial & Special Education , 5 : 11 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. , Wagner , R. and Rashotte , C. 1999 . Test of Word Reading Efficiency , Austin , TX : Pro-Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , F. D. 2010 . Evaluating the effectiveness of fluency oriented reading instruction with increasing Black and Latino, as compared to Asian and White second-grade students’ reading fluency . Journal of Negro Education , 79 : 112 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. 1978 . Mind in society. , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. and Katzir-Cohen , T. 2001 . Reading fluency and its intervention . Scientific Studies in Reading , 5 : 211 – 239 .
   Google Scholar