794
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Motivation and Social Processes

The Development and Validation of a New Measure of Adolescent Purpose

&

References

  • Andrews, M. C., Bundick, M. J., Jones, A., Bronk, K. C., Mariano, J. L., & Damon, W. (2006). Youth purpose interview, version 2006. Unpublished instrument. Stanford Center on Adolescence, Stanford, CA.
  • Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., Kim, D., & Reschly, A. L. (2006). Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the student engagement instrument. Journal of School Psychology, 44(5), 427–445. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.002
  • Araujo, U. F. D., Arantes, V. A., Klein, A. M., & Grandino, P. J. (2014). Youth purpose and life goals of students engaged in community and social activities. Revista Internacional D'Humanitats, 30, 119–128.
  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta‐analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. doi: 10.1348/014466601164939
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. doi: 10.1080/10705510903008204
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2010). Weighted least squares estimation with missing data. Retrieved from http://www.statmodel.com/download/GstrucMissingRevision.pdf.
  • Barber, C., Mueller, C. T., & Ogata, S. (2013). Volunteerism as purpose: Examining the long-term predictors of continued community engagement. Educational Psychology, 33(3), 314–333. doi: 10.1080/014443410.2013.772775
  • Barron, K., & Harackiewicz, J. (2001). Achievement goals and optimal motivation: Testing multiple goal models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 706–722. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.706
  • Beauducel, A., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2006). On the performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 186–203. doi: 10.1207/s15328007sem1302_2
  • Bentler, P. M. (2007). On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 825–829. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.024
  • Benson, P. L. (2008). Sparks: How parents can ignite the hidden strengths of teenagers. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  • Blattner, M. C., Liang, B., Lund, T., & Spencer, R. (2013). Searching for a sense of purpose: The role of parents and effects on self-esteem among female adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36(5), 839–848. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.008
  • Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1993). Introduction. In: K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long J (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 1–9). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Bronk, K. C. (2011). The role of purpose in life in healthy identity formation: A grounded model. New Directions for Student Leadership, 2011(132), 31–44. doi: 10.1002/yd.426
  • Bronk, K. C. (2012). A grounded theory of the development of noble youth purpose. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(1), 78–109. doi: 10.1177/0743558411412958
  • Bronk, K. C. (2013). Purpose in life: A critical component of optimal youth development. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Bronk, K. C. (2005). Portraits of purpose: A study examining the ways purpose contributes to positive youth development. (Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, 2005.) UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertation, AAT 3187267.
  • Bronk, K. C., Finch, W. H., & Talib, T. (2010). Adolescent characteristics by type of long-term aim in life. Applied Developmental Science, 14(1), 35–44. doi: 10.1080/10888690903510331
  • Bronk, K. C., Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D. K., Talib, N., & Finch, H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 500–510. doi: 10.1080/17439760903271439
  • Bundick, M., Andrews, M., Jones, A., Mariano, J. M., Bronk, K. C., & Damon, W. (2006). Revised youth purpose survey. Stanford, CA: Unpublished instrument, Stanford Center on Adolescence.
  • Bundick, M. J., & Tirri, K. (2014). Student perceptions of teacher support and competencies for fostering youth purpose and positive youth development: Perspectives from two countries. Applied Developmental Science, 18(3), 148–162. doi: 10.1080/10888691.2014.924357
  • Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2011). Purpose as a form of identity capital for positive youth adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1196–1206. doi: 10.1037/a0023818
  • Burrow, A. L., O’Dell, A. C., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Profiles of a developmental asset: Youth purpose as a context for hope and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1265–1273. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9481-1
  • Bronk, K. C., Riches, B. R., & Mangan, S. A. (2018). Claremont Purpose Scale: A measure that assesses the three dimensions of purpose among adolescents. Research in Human Development, 15(2), 1–17. doi: 10.1080/15427609.2018.1441577
  • Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 31–44. doi: 10.1023/A:1014033032440
  • Chen, F., Curran, P. J., Bollen, K. A., Kirby, J., & Paxton, P. (2008). An empirical evaluation of the use of fixed cutoff points in RMSEA test statistic in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 36(4), 462–494. doi: 10.1177/2F0049124108314720
  • Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(2), 189–225. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr4102_5
  • Cury, F., Elliot, A. J., Da Fonseca, D., & Moller, A. C. (2006). The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation and the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 666–679. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.666
  • Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200–207. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:2 < 200::AID-JCLP2270200203 > 3.0.CO;2-U
  • Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1969). Manual of Instructions for the Purpose in Life Test, Psychometric Affiliates.
  • Damon, W. (2009). Path to purpose: How young people find their calling in life. New York: Free Press.
  • Damon, W., Menon, J., & Bronk, K. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 119–128. doi: 10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_2
  • DiStefano, C., Liu, J., Jiang, N., & Shi, D. (2018). Examination of the weighted root mean square residual: Evidence for trustworthiness? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 453–466. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1390394
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12046
  • Dweck, C. S., & Elliott, E. S. (1983). Achievement motivation. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Sociatization, personality, and social development (pp. 643–691). New York: Wiley.
  • Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109–132. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153
  • Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 613–628. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613
  • Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 461–475. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Flanagan, C. A., Syvertsen, A. K., & Stout, M. D. (2007). Civic Measurement Models: Tapping Adolescents' Civic Engagement. CIRCLE Working Paper 55. Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE).
  • Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466
  • Frankl, V. (1959). Man’s search for meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • French, S., & Joseph, S. (1999). Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life, and self-actualisation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 117–120. doi: 10.1080/13674679908406340
  • Furrow, J. L., & Wagener, L. M. (2003). Identity and transcendence among youth: A view of the issues. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 116–118. doi: 10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_1
  • Hill, P. L., & Burrow, A. L. (2012). Viewing purpose through an Eriksonian lens. Identity, 12(1), 74–91. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2012.632394
  • Hill, P. L., Burrow, A. L., & Bronk, K. C. (2016). Persevering with positivity and purpose: An examination of purpose commitment and positive affect as predictors of grit. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 257–269. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2012.632394
  • Hill, P. L., Burrow, A. L., & Sumner, R. (2013). Addressing important questions in the field of adolescent purpose. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 232–236. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12048
  • Hill, P., Edmonds, G., Peterson, M., Luyckx, K., & Andrews, J. (2015). Purpose in life and personality traits as unique predictors of late adolescent psychological well-being. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Hill, P. L., Sumner, R., & Burrow, A. L. (2014). Understanding the pathways to purpose: Examining personality and well-being correlates across adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 227–234. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2014.888584
  • Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F. (1937). The bi-factor method. Psychometrika, 2(1), 41–54. doi: 10.1007/BF02287965
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Jin, Q., Gilmartin, S. K., Sheppard, S. D., & Chen, H. L. (2015). Comparing engineering and business undergraduate students' entrepreneurial interests and characteristics. The Journal of Engineering Entrepreneurship, 6(2), 1–24. doi: 10.7814/jeenv6n2p1
  • Jiang, F., Lin, S., & Menon Mariano, J. (2016). The influence of Chinese college teachers’ competence for purpose support on students’ purpose development. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(5), 565–581. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2016.1226551
  • King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (third edition). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Koshy, S. I., & Menon Mariano, J. (2011). Promoting youth purpose: A review of the literature. New Directions for Youth Development, 2011(132), 13–29. doi: 10.1002/yd.425
  • Lei, P. W. (2009). Evaluating estimation methods for ordinal data in structural equation modeling. Quality and Quantity, 43(3), 495–507. doi: 10.1007/s11135-007-9133-z
  • Lerner, R. M., Brentano, C., Dowling, E. M., & Anderson, P. M. (2002). Positive youth development: Thriving as the basis of personhood and civil society. New Directions for Youth Development, 2002(95), 11–34. doi: 10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_8
  • Leung, S. O. (2011). A comparison of psychometric properties and normality in 4-, 5-, 6-, and 11-point Likert scales. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(4), 412–421. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.580697
  • Liang, B., Lund, T. J., Mousseau, A. M. D., & Spencer, R. (2016). The mediating role of engagement in mentoring relationships and self-esteem among affluent adolescent girls. Psychology in the Schools, 53(8), 848–860. doi: 10.1002/pits.21949
  • Linnenbrink, E. A. (2005). The dilemma of performance-approach Goals: The use of multiple goal contexts to promote students’ motivation and learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 197–213. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.197
  • Lintl, F. M., Jin, Q., Gilmartin, S., Chen, H. L., Schar, M., & Sheppard, S. (1999). Starter or joiner, market or socially oriented: Predicting career choice among undergraduate engineering and business students. Education, 1971(86), 2000–2012.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 58–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.004
  • Madjar, N., Kaplan, A., & Weinstock, M. (2011). Clarifying mastery-avoidance goals in high school: Distinguishing between intrapersonal and task-based standards of competence. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(4), 268–279. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.03.003
  • Madrazo, V. L. (2014). Identity, purpose, and well-being among emerging adult Hispanic women. (Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University). doi: 10.25148/etd.FI14071157
  • Maehr, M. L. (1989). Thoughts about motivation. Research on Motivation in Education: Goals and Cognitions, 3(1), 299–315.
  • Magen, Z. (1998). Exploring adolescent happiness: Commitment, purpose, and fulfillment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Malin, H., Ballard, P. J., & Damon, W. (2015). Civic purpose: An integrated construct for understanding civic development in adolescence. Human Development, 58(2), 103–130. doi: 10.1159/000381655
  • Malin, H., Reilly, T. S., Quinn, B., & Moran, S. (2014). Adolescent purpose development: Exploring empathy, discovering roles, shifting priorities, and creating pathways. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 186–199. doi: 10.1111/jora.12051
  • Malin, H., Reilly, T. S., Yeager, D., Moran, S., Andrews, M., Bundick, M., & Damon, W. (2008). Youth purpose project forms of purpose determination codebook. Stanford, CA: Stanford Center on Adolescence.
  • Mariano, J. M., & Going, J. (2011). Youth purpose and positive youth development. In R. M. Lerner, J. V. Lerner & J. B. Benson (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 41, pp. 39–68). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386492-5.00003-8
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. doi: 10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
  • Marsh, H. W., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Lüdtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Morin, A. J., & Trautwein, U. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students' evaluations of university teaching. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 439–476. doi: 10.1080/10705510903008220
  • Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2010). A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 471–491. doi: 10.1037/a0019227
  • Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. J. (2013). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1194–1218. doi: 10.1037/a0026913
  • Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 85–110. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700
  • Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). New York: Oxford University Press
  • McDonald, R. P. (1970). The theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis, canonical factor analysis, and alpha factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 23(1), 1–21. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.x
  • Midgley, C., Kaplan, A., & Middleton, M. (2001). Performance-approach goals: Good for what, for whom, under what circumstances, and at what cost? Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 77–86. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.77
  • Moran, S. (2009). Purpose: Giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence. High Ability Studies, 20(2), 143–159. doi: 10.1080/13598130903358501
  • Morgan, W., & Streb, M. (March, (2001). Building Citizenship: How Student Voice in Service-Learning Develops Civic Values. Social Science Quarterly, 82(1), 155–169. doi: 10.1111/0038-4941.00014
  • Morin, A. J., Arens, A. K., & Marsh, H. W. (2016). A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework for the identification of distinct sources of construct-relevant psychometric multidimensionality. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 116–139. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.961800
  • Morin, A. J. S., Marsh, H. W., & Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling: an introduction. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course (pp. 395–436). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). 1998–2017 Mplus user’s guide, 8.0. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  • Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15(5), 625–632. doi: 10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y
  • Osai, E. R. (2016). On purpose: Motivational and contextual predictors of purpose and positive engagement among urban-residing, African American youth (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
  • Pizzolato, J. E., Brown, E. L., & Kanny, M. A. (2012). Purpose plus: Supporting youth purpose, control, and academic achievement. New Directions for Student Leadership, 2011(132), 75–88. doi: 10.1002/yd.429
  • Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 544–555. 10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544
  • Quinn, B. P. (2016). Learning from the wisdom of practice: teachers’ educational purposes as pathways to supporting adolescent purpose in secondary classrooms. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(5), 602–623. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2016.1226557
  • Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 544–559. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.496477
  • Rosenberg, S. L., McKeon, L. M., & Dinero, T. E. (1999). Positive peer solutions: One answer for the rejected student. Phi Delta Kappan, 81(2), 114–118.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  • Scales, P. C., Blyth, D. A., Berkas, T. H., & Kielsmeier, J. C. (2000). The effects of service-learning on middle school students' social responsibility and academic success. Journal of Early Adolescence, 20(3), 332–358. doi: 10.1177/0272431600020003004
  • Scales, P. C., & Benson, P. L. (2003). Indicators of positive youth development: Prosocial orientation and community service. Paper Prepared for Indicators of Positive Youth Development Conference, convened by Child Trends, Washington, DC.
  • Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A., … Zdaniuk, B. (2006). The life engagement test: Assessing purpose in life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(3), 291–298. doi: 10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1
  • Seginer, R. (2009). Future orientation: Developmental and ecological perspectives. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 5). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
  • Sharma, G., Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M., & Kang, Z. (2018). Sense of Purpose Scale: Development and initial validation. Applied Developmental Science, 22(3), 188–199. doi: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1262262
  • Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. doi: 10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0
  • Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 765–781. doi: 10.1037/a0012840
  • Spring, K., Dietz, N., & Grimm, R. (2007). Leveling the path to participation: Volunteering and civic engagement among youth from disadvantaged circumstances. Washington, DC: Corporation for National and Community Service. Retrieved February, 13, 2008.
  • Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009). Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Development, 80(1), 28–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x
  • Sumner, R., Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2015). Identity and purpose as predictors of subjective well-being in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 3(1), 46–54. doi: 10.1177/2167696814532796
  • Tanaka, J. S. (1993). Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation modeling. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 10–39). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Warshaw, P. R., & Davis, F. D. (1985). Disentangling behavioral intention and behavioral expectation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(3), 213–228. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(85)90017-4
  • Wolters, C. A. (2004). Advancing achievement goal theory: Using goal structures and goal orientations to predict students’ motivation, cognition, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 236–250. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.236
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. doi: 10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yeager, D. S., & Bundick, M. J. (2009). The role of purposeful work goals in promoting meaning in life and in schoolwork during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(4), 423–452. doi: 10.1177/0743558409336749
  • Yeager, D. S., Bundick, M. J., & Johnson, R. (2012). The role of future work goal motives in adolescent identity development: A longitudinal mixed-methods investigation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 37(3), 206–217. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.01.004
  • Yeager, D. S., Henderson, M. D., Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., D'mello, S., Spitzer, B. J., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). Boring but important: A self-transcendent purpose for learning fosters academic self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 559. doi: 10.1037/a0037637
  • Young, R. K. (2014). Mind your purpose: Intervening on mindfulness to promote daily levels of purpose (Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University Ottawa).
  • Yu, H., Glanzer, P. L., Sriram, R., Johnson, B. R., & Moore, B. (2017). What contributes to college students’ cheating? A study of individual factors. Ethics & Behavior, 27(5), 401–422. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2016.1169535
  • Zaff, J. F., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2008). Predicting positive citizenship from adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of a civic context. Applied Development Science, 12(1), 38–53. doi: 10.1080/10888690801910567

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.