You’re heartless, I’m less: self-image and social norms in moral judgment

References

• Alicke, M. D., Klotz, M. L., Breitenbecher, D. L., Yurak, T. J., & Vredenburg, D. S. (1995). Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 804–825. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, D. M. (2008). Principled moral sentiment and the flexibility of moral judgment and decision making. Cognition, 108(2), 381–417. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, D. M., & Pizarro, D. A. (2011). The mismeasure of morals: Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition, 121(1), 154–161. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastart, J., Popa-Roch, M. A., & Delmas, F. (2018). “Is that discrimination? I’d better report it!” Self-presentation concerns moderate the prototype effect. Current Research in Social Psychology, 26, 24–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettencourt, B. A., Manning, M., Molix, L., Schlegel, R., Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2016). Explaining extremity in evaluation of group members: Meta-analytic tests of three theories. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(1), 49–74. doi:10.1177/1088868315574461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialek, M., & Terbeck, S. (2016). Can cognitive psychological research on reasoning enhance the discussion around moral judgments? Cognitive Processing, 17(3), 329–335. doi:10.1007/s10339-016-0760-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Białek, M., Terbeck, S., & Handley, S. (2014). Cognitive psychological support for the ADC model of moral judgment. AJOB Neuroscience, 5(4), 21–23. doi:10.1080/21507740.2014.951790
   Google Scholar
• Books, A., & Goffman, E. (1969). The presentation of self in everyday life. London: Allen Lane.
   Google Scholar
• Bonetto, E., Girandola, F., & Lo Monaco, G. (2022). The social value of social representations: Replication of previous findings and test of novel hypotheses. The Social Science Journal, 59(4), 574–587. doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1727241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostyn, D. H., & Roets, A. (2017). An asymmetric moral conformity effect: Subjects conform to deontological but not consequentialist majorities. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(3), 323–330. doi:10.1177/1948550616671999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokier, N., & Moliner, P. (2006). La « zone muette » des représentations sociales, pression normative et/ou comparaison sociale [The “mute zone” of social representations, normative pressure and/or social comparison]. Bulletin de psychologie Numéro 483(3), 281–286.
   Google Scholar
• Chokier, N., & Rateau, P. (2009). Représentations d’objets « sensibles » et processus de comparaison soi/autrui [Representations of “sensitive” objects and self-other comparison process]. In P. Rateau & P. Moliner (Eds.), Représentations sociales et processus sociocognitifs [Social representations and sociocognitive processes] (pp. 31–44). Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B. (2012). The focus theory of normative conduct. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 295–312). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781446249222.n41
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Demaine, L. J., Sagarin, B. J., Barrett, D. W., Rhoads, K., & Winter, P. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1(1), 3–15. doi:10.1080/15534510500181459
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 201–234). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, P., & Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: A process dissociation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 216–235. doi:10.1037/a0031021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman, F., Gray, K., Gaffey, A., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Simulating murder: The aversion to harmful action. Emotion, 12(1), 2–7. doi:10.1037/a0025071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnon, C., Dompnier, B., Delmas, F., Pulfrey, C., & Butera, F. (2009). Achievement goal promotion at university: Social desirability and social utility of mastery and performance goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 119–134. doi:10.1037/a0012824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djeriouat, H., & Trémolière, B. (2014). The Dark Triad of personality and utilitarian moral judgment: The mediating role of honesty/humility and harm/care. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 11–16. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois, N. (2000). Self-presentation strategies and social judgments-desirability and social utility of causal explanations. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 59(3), 170–182. doi:10.1024/1421-0185.59.3.170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). Gpower: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(1), 1–11. doi:10.3758/BF03203630
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255–278. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett, J. A., Pizarro, D. A., & Crockett, M. J. (2016). Inference of trustworthiness from intuitive moral judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 145(6), 772–787. doi:10.1037/xge0000165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Félonneau, M.-L., & Becker, M. (2008). Pro-environmental attitudes and behavior: Revealing perceived social desirability. Pratiques Psychologiques, 17, 237–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2009.09.004.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T. (2015). Intergroup biases: A focus on stereotype content. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., Xu, J., Cuddy, A. C., & Glick, P. (1999). (Dis) respecting versus (dis) liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 473–489. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilibert, D., & Cambon, L. (2003). Paradigms of the sociocognitive approach. In N. Dubois (Ed.), A sociocognitive approach to social norms (pp. 38–69). London, United-Kingdom: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D. (2007). Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 322–323. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D. (2014). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason and the gap between us and them. London, United Kingdom: Atlantic Books Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D. (2015). The rise of moral cognition. Cognition, 135, 39–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D., & Haidt, J. (2002). How (and where) does moral judgment work? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(12), 517–523. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02011-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107(3), 1144–1154. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105–2108. doi:10.1126/science.1062872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimelli, C., & Deschamps, J.-C. (2000). Effets de contexte sur la production d’associations verbales. Le cas de la représentation sociale des Gitans [Contextual effects on the production of word associations. The case of the social representation of Gypsies]. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 47, 44–54. doi:10.3917/bupsy.483.0281
   Google Scholar
• Iacoviello, V., & Spears, R. (2018). “I know you expect me to favor my ingroup”: Reviving Tajfel’s original hypothesis on the generic norm explanation of ingroup favoritism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 76, 88–99. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacoviello, V., Valsecchi, G., Berent, J., Borinca, I., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2022). Is traditional masculinity still valued? Men’s perceptions of how different reference groups value traditional masculinity norms. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 30(1), 7–27. doi:10.1177/10608265211018803
   Google Scholar
• Jellison, J. M., & Green, J. (1981). A self‐presentation approach to the fundamental error: The norm of internality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(4), 643–649. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 231–262). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Judd, C. M., James-Hawkins, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005). Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 899–913. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahane, G. (2015). Sidetracked by trolleys: Why sacrificial moral dilemmas tell us little (or nothing) about utilitarian judgment. Social Neuroscience, 10(5), 551–560. doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1023400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahane, G., Everett, J. A., Earp, B. D., Farias, M., & Savulescu, J. (2015). ‘Utilitarian’ judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas do not reflect impartial concern for the greater good. Cognition, 134, 193–209. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(8), 1002–1012. doi:10.1177/01461672002610009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant, I. (1959). Foundation of the metaphysics of morals (L. W. Beck, Trans.). New York: Bobbs-Merrill. (Original work published 1785).
   Google Scholar
• Kervyn, N., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. (2009). You want to appear competent? Be mean! You want to appear sociable? Be lazy! Group differentiation and the compensation effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 363–367. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kervyn, N., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Judd, C. M., & Nunes, A. (2009). A question of compensation: The social life of the fundamental dimensions of social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 828–842. doi:10.1037/a0013320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, 446(7138), 908–911. doi:10.1038/nature05631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundu, P., & Cummins, D. D. (2013). Morality and conformity: The Asch paradigm applied to moral decisions. Social Influence, 8(4), 268–279. doi:10.1080/15534510.2012.727767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R. (2019). Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mill, J. S. (1998). Utilitarianism (R. Crisp, Ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press (Original work published 1861).
   Google Scholar
• Moore, A. B., Lee, N. L., Clark, B. A., & Conway, A. R. (2011). In defense of the personal/impersonal distinction in moral psychology research: Cross-cultural validation of the dual process model of moral judgment. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(3), 186–195. doi:10.1017/S193029750000139X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, A. B., Stevens, J., & Conway, A. R. (2011). Individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment predict moral judgment. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 621–625. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, S. (2002). Norms with feeling: Towards a psychological account of moral judgment. Cognition, 84(2), 221–236. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00048-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, S., & Mallon, R. (2006). Moral dilemmas and moral rules. Cognition, 100(3), 530–542. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillaud, V., Cavazza, N., & Butera, F. (2013). The social value of being ambivalent: Selfpresentational concerns in the expression of attitudinal ambivalence. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(9), 1139–1151. doi:10.1177/0146167213490806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piermatteo, A., Lo Monaco, G., Moreau, L., Girandola, F., & Tavani, J. L. (2014). Context variations and pluri-methodological issues concerning the expression of a social representation: The example of the Gypsy community. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1–12. doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rateau, P., & Lo Monaco, G. (2021). The mute zone of social representations and the effects of (un)masking: Review and prospects. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics, 18(2), 375–390. doi:10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-2-375-390
   Google Scholar
• Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(1), 104–112. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, C. J., Knighten, K. R., & Conway, P. (2019). Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who is deontological? Completing moral dilemmas in front of mirrors increases deontological but not utilitarian response tendencies. Cognition, 192, 103993. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rom, S. C., Weiss, A., & Conway, P. (2017). Judging those who judge: Perceivers infer the roles of affect and cognition underpinning others’ moral dilemma responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 44–58. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rom, S. C., & Conway, P. (2018). The strategic moral self: Self-presentation shapes moral dilemma judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 24–37. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18(5), 429–434. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohminger, N., Lewis, R. L., & Meyer, D. E. (2011). Divergent effects of different positive emotions on moral judgment. Cognition, 119(2), 295–300. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terache, J., Demoulin, S., & Yzerbyt, V. (2020). Warmth and competence in interpersonal comparisons: The quiz master paradigm through the lens of compensation. International Review of Social Psychology, 33(1), 4. doi:10.5334/irsp.275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trémolière, B., De Neys, W., & Bonnefon, J.-F. (2017). Reasoning and moral judgment: A common experimental toolbox. In L. J. Ball & V. A. Thompson (Eds.), International handbook of thinking and reasoning (1st ed.). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Uhlmann, E. L., Zhu, L. L., & Tannenbaum, D. (2013). When it takes a bad person to do the right thing. Cognition, 126(2), 326–334. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Hippel, P. T. (2015). The heterogeneity statistic I2 can be biased in small meta-analyses. BMC medical research methodology, 15(1), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt, V. (2016). Intergroup stereotyping. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 90–95. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt, V. (2018). The dimensional compensation model: Reality and strategic constraints on warmth and competence in intergroup perceptions. In A. Abele & B. Wojciszke (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 126–141). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt, V., Provost, V., & Corneille, O. (2005). Not competent but warm … really? Compensatory stereotypes in the French-speaking world. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(3), 291–308. doi:10.1177/1368430205053944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouhri, B., & Rateau, P. (2015). Valeur sociale des éléments du noyau central: la norme représentationnelle de centralité [Social values of central core elements: The representational norm of centrality. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, Numéro 106(2), 129–148. doi:10.3917/cips.106.0129
   Google Scholar