Gender Norms, Beliefs and Academic Achievement of Orphaned Adolescent Boys and Girls in Uganda

References

• Abuya, B., Oketch, M., & Musyoka, P. (2013). Why do pupils dropout when education is ‘free’? Explaining school dropout among the urban poor in Nairobi. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 43(6), 740–762. doi:10.1080/03057925.2012.707458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuya, B. A., Onsomu, E. O., & Moore, D. (2014). Determinants of educational exclusion: Poor urban girls' experiences in-and out-of-school in Kenya. PROSPECTS, 44(3), 381–394. doi:10.1007/s11125-014-9306-1
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M., Beegle, K., & Koda, G. (2005). The impact of adult mortality and parental deaths on primary schooling in North-Western Tanzania. Journal of Development Studies, 41(3), 412–439. doi:10.1080/0022038042000313318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad, M., Zaidi, S. M. I. H., & Mahmood, K. (2015). Self-esteem & academic performance among university students. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(1), 156–162.
   Google Scholar
• Bantebya, G. K., Muhanguzi, F. K., & Watson, C. (2014). Adolescent girls in the balance: Changes and continuity in social norms and practices around marriage and education in Uganda. Country Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bicego, G., Rutstein, S., & Johnson, K. (2003). Dimensions of the emerging orphan crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 56(6), 1235–1247. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00125-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birdthistle, I. J., Floyd, S., Machingura, A., Mudziwapasi, N., Gregson, S., & Glynn, J. R. (2008). From affected to infected? Orphanhood and HIV risk among female adolescents in urban Zimbabwe. AIDS, 22(6), 759–766. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f4cac7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, R. W., Mmari, K., & Moreau, C. (2017). It begins at 10: How gender expectations shape early adolescence around the world. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4 Suppl), S3–S4. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, A., Paxson, C., & Ableidinger, J. (2004). Orphans in Africa: Parental death, poverty, and school enrollment. Demography, 41(3), 483–508. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cejka, M. A., & Eagly, A. H. (1999). Gender-stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 413–423. doi:10.1177/0146167299025004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). The mental health of children orphaned by AIDS: A review of international and southern African research. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 1–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curley, J., Ssewamala, F., & Han, C. K. (2010). Assets and educational outcomes: Child Development Accounts (CDAs) for orphaned children in Uganda. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(11), 1585–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugherty, C. G., & Dambrot, F. H. (1986). Reliability of the attitudes toward women scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46(2), 449–453. doi:10.1177/001316448604600221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54(6), 408–423. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2016). Social role theory of sex differences. In N. Naples, R. C. Hoogland, M. Wickramasinghe, & W. C. A. Wong (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1–3). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Endepohls-Ulpe, M. (2012). Gender stereotypes and their gender-specific impact on academic achievement. Acta Universitatis Lodzensis. Folia Sociologica, 43, 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, A. (2014). Co-education and the erosion of gender stereotypes in the Zambian Copperbelt. Gender & Development, 22(1), 75–90.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, R. (2010). Children’s caring roles and responsibilities within the family in Africa. Geography Compass, 4(10), 1477–1496. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00386.x
   Google Scholar
• Evan, D., & Miguel, E. (2004). Orphans and schooling in Africa: A longitudinal analysis. Demography, 44(1), 33–57.
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., Reeves, E., & Budhani, S. (2002). Parents think their sons are brighter than their daughters: Sex differences in parental self-estimations and estimations of their children's multiple intelligences. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163(1), 24–39. doi:10.1080/00221320209597966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galambos, N. L., Petersen, A. C., Richards, M., & Gitelson, I. B. (1985). The Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA): A study of reliability and validity. Sex Roles, 13(5-6), 343–356. doi:10.1007/BF00288090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, S., Nyamukapa, C. A., Garnett, G. P., Wambe, M., Lewis, J. J. C., Mason, P. R., … Anderson, R. M. (2005). HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe. AIDS Care, 17(7), 785–794. doi:10.1080/09540120500258029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., Li, X., & Sherr, L. (2012). The impact of HIV/AIDS on children's educational outcome: A critical review of global literature. AIDS Care, 24(8), 993–1012. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.668170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, C., & George, R. (2020). Historical lessons on gender norm change, with case studies from Uganda and Nepal. ALIGN think piece. London: ALIGN. Retrieved from https://www.alignplatform.org/resources/historical-lessons-gender-norm-change
   Google Scholar
• Harper, C., & Marcus, R. (2018). What can a focus on gender norms contribute to girls’ empowerment? In C. Harper, N. Jones, A. Ghimire, R. Marcus and G.K Bantebya (Eds.), Empowering adolescent girls in developing countries (pp. 22–40). London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kågesten, A., Gibbs, S., Blum, R. W., Moreau, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., Herbert, A., & Amin, A. (2016). Understanding factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PloS One, 11(6), e0157805. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasirye, I., & Hisali, E. (2010). The socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS on education outcomes in Uganda: School enrolment and the schooling gap in 2002/2003. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(1), 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, M., Barker, G., Peacock, D., Vess, J., Robles, O., Sharafi, L., & MenEngage Steering Committee. (2014). Engaging men, changing gender norms: Directions for gender-transformative action. MenEngage-UNFPA Advocacy Brief. New York, NY: UNFPA-MenEngage.
   Google Scholar
• Kneppers, A. (2015). Teenage girls’ perspectives on the value of education and school dropout in Northern Ghana. Trondheim: Norwegian Centre for Child Research
   Google Scholar
• Kwek, A., Bui, H. T., Rynne, J., & So, K. K. F. (2013). The impacts of self-esteem and resilience on academic performance: An investigation of domestic and international hospitality and tourism undergraduate students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 25(3), 110–122.
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra, A., Amin, A., & Nanda, P. (2019). Catalyzing gender norm change for adolescent sexual and reproductive health: Investing in interventions for structural Change. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4S), S13–S15. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maropamabi, G. (2014). Role of self-efficacy and self-esteem in academic performance. European Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 8–22.
   Google Scholar
• Monasch, R., & Boerma, J. T. (2004). Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. AIDS, 18(Supplement 2), S55–S65. doi:10.1097/00002030-200406002-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau, C., Li, M., De Meyer, S., Vu Manh, L., Guiella, G., Acharya, R., … Mmari, K. (2019). Measuring gender norms about relationships in early adolescence: Results from the global early adolescent study. SSM - Population Health, 7, 100314. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhanguzi, F. K. (2011). Gender and sexual vulnerability of young women in Africa: Experiences of young girls in secondary schools in Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(6), 713–725. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.571290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, R., Harper, C., Brodbeck, S., & Page, E. (2015). How do gender norms change? Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9817.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, M., Stark, L., Wessells, M., Boothby, N., & Ager, A. (2011). Fortifying barriers: Sexual violence as an obstacle to girls’ school participation in Northern Uganda. In J. Paulison (Ed.), Education Conflict and Development(pp. 167–184). UK: Symposium Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nabunya, P., Namatovu, P., Damulira, C., Kivumbi, A., Byansi, W., Mukasa, M., … Ssewamala, F. M. (2019). Assessing the impact of an economic empowerment interventions on educational outcomes of orphaned children and adolescents: Findings from a Randomized Experiment in Uganda. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work Development, 29(1), 59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabunya, P., & Ssewamala, F. M. (2014). The Effects of parental loss on the psychosocial wellbeing of AIDS-orphaned children living in AIDS-impacted communities: Does gender matter? Children and Youth Services Review, 43, 131–137. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neto, F., & Furnham, A. (2011). Sex differences in parents' estimations of their own and their children's multiple intelligences: A Portuguese replication. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 99–110. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Operario, D., Pettifor, A., Cluver, L., MacPhail, C., & Rees, H. (2007). Prevalence of parental death among young people in South Africa and risk for HIV infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 44(1), 93–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osili, U. O., & Long, B. T. (2008). Does female schooling reduce fertility? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Development Economics, 87(1), 57–75. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posti-Ahokas, H., & Palojoki, P. (2014). Navigating transitions to adulthood through secondary education: Aspirations and the value of education for Tanzanian girls. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(5), 664–681. doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.853871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pufall, E. L., Nyamukapa, C., Eaton, J. W., Campbell, C., Skovdal, M., Munyati, S., … Gregson, S. (2014). The impact of HIV on children's education in eastern Zimbabwe. AIDS Care, 26(9), 1136–1143. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.892564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radke, H. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). Changing versus protecting the status quo: Why men and women engage in different types of action on behalf of women. Sex Roles, 79(9-10), 505–518. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0884-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. L. (2009). Framed before we know it: How gender shapes social relations. Gender & Society, 23(2), 145–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rihani, M. A. (2006). Keeping the promise: Five benefits of girls' secondary education. Academy for Educational Development. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED500794.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rosli, Y., Othman, H., Ishak, I., Lubis, S. H., Saat, N. Z. M., & Omar, B. (2012). Self-esteem and academic performance relationship amongst the second-year undergraduate students of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 60, 582–589. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.426
   Google Scholar
• Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 743–762. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryle, R. (2011). Questioning gender: A sociological exploration. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Seeberg, V. (2011). Schooling, Jobbing, Marrying: What's a girl to do to make life better? Empowerment capabilities of girls at the margins of globalization in China. Research in Comparative and International Education, 6(1), 43–61. doi:10.2304/rcie.2011.6.1.43
   Google Scholar
• Shakya, H. B., Domingue, B., Nagata, J. M., Cislaghi, B., Weber, A., & Darmstadt, G. L. (2019). Adolescent gender norms and adult health outcomes in the USA: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(8), 529-538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ssengendo, J., & Nambi, J. (1997). The psychological effect of orphanhood: A study of orphans in Rakai district. Health Transitions Review, 7(1), 105–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., & Ismayilova, L. (2009). Integrating children’s savings accounts in the care and support of orphaned adolescents in rural Uganda. Social Service Review, 83(3), 453–472. doi:10.1086/605941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., Karimli, L., Han, C. K., & Ismayilova, L. (2010). Social capital, savings, and educational performance of orphaned adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(12), 1704–1710. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., Karimli, L., Neilands, T., Wang, J. S. H., Han, C. K., Ilic, V., & Nabunya, P. (2016). Applying a family-level economic strengthening intervention to improve education and health-related outcomes of school-going AIDS-orphaned children: Lessons from a randomized experiment in Southern Uganda. Prevention Science, 17(1), 134–143. doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0580-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The New Vision. (January 12, 2017). 2016 PLE: Boys beat girls, performance improves. Retrieved from https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1443897/ple-results-boys-beat-girls-english-improved
   Google Scholar
• The New Vision. (January 17, 2020). PLE: Boys beat girls, 1512 results withheld. Retrieved from https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1513574/2019-ple-boys-beat-girls-1512-results-withheld
   Google Scholar
• The Republic of Uganda. (2016). Gender in education sector policy. Ministry of Education and Sports. Retrieved from https://www.education.go.ug/files/downloads/GENDER%20IN%20EDUCATION%20SECTOR%20POLICY.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thurman, T. R., Brown, L., Richter, L., Maharaj, P., & Magnani, R. (2006). Sexual risk behavior among South African adolescents: Is orphan status a factor? AIDS and Behavior, 10(6), 627–635. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9104-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR264/FR264.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2019a). Global education monitoring report: Gender report: Building bridges for gender parity. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/2019genderreport
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2019b). Meeting commitment: Are countries on track to achieve SDG4? Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000369009
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2019c). Out-of-school children, adolescents and youth: Global status and trends. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/new-methodology-shows-258-million-children-adolescents-and-youth-are-out-school.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2018). Global education monitoring report gender review 2018. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/2018_gender_review
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. World Education Forum. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2014). Situational analysis of children and poverty in Uganda: Voices of children. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/esaro/2014-UNICEF-Uganda-Child-Poverty-and-Deprivation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2000). United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/devagenda/millennium.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Witt, S. D. (1997). Parental influence on children's socialization to gender roles. Adolescence, 32(126), 253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wodon, Q., Montenegro, C., Nguyen, H., & Onagoruwa, A. (2018). Missed opportunities: The high cost of not educating girls. The Cost of Not Educating Girls Notes Series. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.globalpartnership.org/sites/default/files/2018-07-gpe-high-cost-of-not-educating-girls.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yoder, J. D., Rice, R. W., Adams, J., Priest, R. F., & Prince, H. T. (1982). Reliability of the attitudes toward women scale (AWS) and the personal attributes questionnaire (PAQ). Sex Roles, 8(6), 651–657. doi:10.1007/BF00289898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar