Morale Matters

References

• Arbuckle, J. L. (1997). Amos (SPSS) user's guide, Version 3.6: Smallwaters Corp., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, A. E. & Gamson, Z. F. (1983). Academic workplace: New demands, heightened tensions (ASHE/ERIC Higher Education Research Report No.10). Washington, DC: Association for the Study Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Baynes, J. (1967). Morale: A study of men and courage. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Benge, E., & Hickey, J. (1984). Morale and motivation: How to measure morale and increase productivity. New York: Franklin Watts.
   Google Scholar
• Bess, J. L., & Lodahl, T. M. (1969). Career patterns and satisfaction in university middle management. Educational Record, 50(4), 220–229.
   Google Scholar
• Bluedorn, A. (1982). The theories of turnover: Causes, effects, and meaning. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 1, 75–128.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, D. E. (1989, March 29). 24-Pct. Turnover rate found for administrators: Some officials are surprised by survey results. Chronicle of Higher Education, pp.Al, A14.
   Google Scholar
• Brittain, J. W., & Wholey, D. R. (1990). Structure as an environmental property: Industry demographics and labor market prices. In R. Breiger (Ed.), Social mobility and social structure (pp 155–183). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bugeja, M. J. (1993). Academic socialism: Merit and morale in higher education. Alexandria, VA: Orchises Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caplow, T., & McGee, R. J. (1958). The academic marketplace. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Child, I. L. (1941). Morale: A bibliographic review. Psychological Bulletin, 39, 393–420.
   Google Scholar
• Des Jaríais, C. D. (1995). Determinants of faculty morale in an American public research university: Gender differences within and between academic departments. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai'i at Mnoa.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, J. (1988). Psychological morale: Its conceptualisation and measurement. The Doherty Inventory of Psychological Morale (DIPM). Educational Studies, 14, 65–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers, V. S., & Hughes, C. L. (1973, July/August). Why employees stay. Harvard Business Review, 4, 49–60.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, R. (1986). Unit morale: From a theoretical puzzle to an empirical illustration: An Israeli example. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 549–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassmuck, K. (1990, March 28). Big increases in academic support staffs prompt growing concern on campuses. Chronicle of Higher Education, 37(28), pp. Al, 32–34.
   Google Scholar
• Grassmuck, K. (1991, August 14). Throughout the 80s, colleges hired more non-teaching staff than other employees. Chronicle of Higher Education, 37(48), p. 22.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, J. E., & Stahl, P.A. (1996). STREAMS User's Guide. Version 1.6 for Windows. Mölndal, Sweeden: Multivariate Ware.
   Google Scholar
• Heck, R. H., & Thomas, S. L. (in press). An introduction to multilevel models in organizational and educational research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Henkin, A. B., & Persson, D. (1992). Faculty as gatekeepers: Non-academic staff participation in university governance. Journal of Educational Administration, 30 (2), pp. 52–64.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., Nueijen, B., Ohayv, D., & Sanders, E. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J. (1995). Applied Multilevel analysis (2d ed.). Amsterdam: TT-Publikaties.
   Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J. & Kreft, I. G. (1994). Multilevel analysis methods. Sociological Methods and Research, 22, 283–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel, H. J. (1972). Probleme der Mehrebeneanalyse. Stuttgart, Germany: Teubner.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsrud, L. K. (1996). Maintaining morale: A guide to assessing the morale of midlevel administrators and faculty. Washington, DC: College and University Personnel Association.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsrud, L. K., & Heck, R. H. (1994). A university's faculty: Predicting those who will stay and those who leave. Journal for Higher Education Management, 10(1), 71–84.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsrud, L. K., & Rosser, V. J. (1997). Administrative staff turnover: Predicting the intentions of stayers and leavers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 421 936).
   Google Scholar
• Johnsrud, L. K., & Rosser, V. J. (1999a). Predicting and reducing midlevel administrative staff turnover. CUPA Journal, 49(1, 2), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsrud, L. K., & Rosser, V. J. (1999b). College and university mid-level administrators: Explaining and improving their morale. Review of Higher Education, 22, 121–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsrud, L. K., Sagaria, M. A., & Heck, R. H. (1992). University staffing decisions to hire or promote. International Journal of Educational Management, 6, 20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, D. (1998). Methods for multilevel data analysis. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 337–358). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. W., & Mowday, R. T. (1987). Voluntarily leaving an organization: An empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 721–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren, H. C. (1982). Leadership, authority, and power sharing. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger.
   Google Scholar
• March, J., & Simon, H. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Marcoulides, G. A., & Heck, R. H. (1993). Organizational culture and performance: Proposing and testing a model. Organizational Science, 4, 209–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcoulides, G. A., & Hershberger, S. (1997). Multivariate statistical methods: A first course. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• McArdle, J. J., & Hamagami, F. (1996). Multilevel models from a multiple group structure equation perspective. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Ed.), Advanced structural, equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 89–124). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• McCain, B. E., O'Reilly, C., & Pfeffer, J. (1983). The effects of departmental demography on turnover: The case of a university. Academy of Management Journal, 56, 626–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDade, S. A. (1990). Planning for career improvement. In K. Moore & S. Twombly (Ed.), Administrative careers and the marketplace (pp. 47–55). New Directions for Higher Education No. 72. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. O. (1991). Multilevel factor analysis of class and student achievement components. Journal of Education Measurement, 28, 338–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. O. (1994). Multilevel covariance structure analysis. Sociological Methods & Research, 22, 376–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers user's guide. Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Price, J. L. (1977). The study of turnover. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, G. (1995). Rising administrative costs in instructional units. Thought and Action, 11(1), 7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Sagaria, M. A., & Johnsrud, L. K. (1992). Administrative promotion: The structuring of opportunity within the university. Review of Higher Education, 15, 191–211.
   Google Scholar
• Sagaria, M. A., & Moore, K. M. (1983). Job change and age: The experiences of administrators in colleges and universities. Sociological Spectrum, 3, 353–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, R. A. (1978). Lords, squires and yeoman: Collegiate middle managers and their organizations (AAHE-ERIC/Higher Education Research Report No. 7). Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Smart, J. C. (1990). A causal model of faculty turnover intentions. Research in Higher Education, 31, 405–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. B. (1979). Influence of internal opportunity structure and sex of worker on turnover patterns. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54, 362–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinchcombe, A. L. (1967). Constructing social theories. New York: Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steers, R. M., & Mowday, R. T. (1981). Employee turnover and post-decision accommodation processes. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 3 (pp. 235–281). Greenwich, CN: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twombly, S. B. (1990). Career maps and institutional highways. In K. Moore & S. Twombly (Ed.), Administrative Careers and the marketplace (pp. 5–18). New Directions for Higher Education, no. 72. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Wesbrook, S. D. (1980, Spring). Morale, poficiency and discipline. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 8, 43–54.
   Google Scholar
• Zeitz, G. (1983). Structural and individual determinants of organizational morale and satisfaction. Social Forces, 61, 1088–1108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar