Advanced search
Publication Cover
The Journal of Higher Education Volume 88, 2017 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
1,307
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Education of Andrew Carnegie: Strategic Philanthropy in American Higher Education, 1880–1919

Ethan W. RisGraduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USACorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 401-429 | Received 24 Aug 2015, Accepted 31 Oct 2016, Published online: 20 Dec 2016

References

  • The abbreviation “ACP” indicates archival documents housed in the Andrew Carnegie Papers collection of the Library of Congress Manuscript, Division, Washington, DC.
  • 58th U.S. Congress. (1904, April 28). An act to incorporate the Carnegie Institution of Washington [H.R. 14093]. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Adams, H. (1931). The education of Henry Adams. New York, NY: Random House. ( Original work published 1907)
  • Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Anderson, E., & Moss, A. A. (1999). Dangerous donations: Northern philanthropy and southern black education, 1902–1930. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
  • Arnove, R. F. (1980). Philanthropy and cultural imperialism: The foundations at home and abroad. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall.
  • Atherton, G. (1892, March 30). Letter to Andrew Carnegie. Box 15, ACP.
  • Atherton, G. (1895, October 27). Letter to Andrew Carnegie. Box 33, ACP.
  • Barrow, C. W. (1990). Universities and the capitalist state: Corporate liberalism and the reconstruction of American higher education, 1894–1928. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Beckert, S. (2001). The monied metropolis: New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850–1896. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bertram, J. (1905a, December 6). Letter to A. B. Kittredge. Box 122, ACP.
  • Bertram, J. (1905b, August 8). Letter to Jacob Schurman. Box 119, ACP.
  • Bishop, M. (1962). A history of Cornell. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Bledstein, B. J. (1976). The culture of professionalism. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
  • Bok, D. (2009). Universities in the marketplace: The commercialization of higher education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Brown, D. K. (1995). Degrees of control: A sociology of educational expansion and occupational credentialism. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Brubacher, J. S., & Rudy, W. (2008). Higher education in transition: A history of American colleges and universities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Callahan, R. E. (1964). Education and the cult of efficiency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Carnegie, A. (1885, June 23). Address to the students of the Curry Commercial College, delivered by Andrew Carnegie. Pittsburgh, PA: n.p.
  • Carnegie, A. (1889a). The best fields for philanthropy. The North American Review, 149, 682–698.
  • Carnegie, A. (1889b). Dedication of the Carnegie Library at the Edgar Thomson Steel Rail Works, Braddocks [sic]: Address to the Workmen. Pittsburgh, PA: n.p.
  • Carnegie, A. (1889c). Wealth. North American Review, 148, 653–665.
  • Carnegie, A. (1891, November 27). Letter to Andrew D. White. Box 13, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1894, December 21). Letter to A. V. V. Raymond. Box 29, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1896a, November 18). Letter to J. B. Corey. Box 39, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1896b). Presentation of the Carnegie Library to the people of Pittsburgh. Box 249, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1899, November 29). Letter to R. A. Franks. Box 303, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1900, September 26). ‘Halifax Technical School’ typescript. Box 249, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1901a, April 26). Letter to Andrew D. White. Box 82, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1901b, June 24). Letter to John Morley. Box 83, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1901c, November 28). Letter to Theodore Roosevelt. Box 85, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1902a, January 19). Letter to William McConway. Box 87, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1902b). St. Andrew’s University Proposed Rectorial Address by Andrew Carnegie(typescript). Box 251, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1903). Address by Andrew Carnegie. Stevens Institute Indicator, 20, 159–161.
  • Carnegie, A. (1904, November 26). Letter to Henry L. Higginson. Box 109, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1905a). ‘Copy of letter from Mr. Andrew Carnegie’ typescript. Box 114, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1905b, August 22). Letter to Charles W. Eliot. Box 119, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1905c, March 27). Letter to Daniel C. Gilman. Box 112, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1905d, April 19). Letter to Robert A. Franks. Box 303, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1906a). Address by Andrew Carnegie at the presentation of Princeton Lake. Box 250, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1906b). An address delivered on the opening of the new engineering buildings of the University of Edinburgh 16th October 1906. Dunfermline, UK: n.p.
  • Carnegie, A. (1906c). The education of the negro: A national interest. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee Institute Steam Print.
  • Carnegie, A. (1906d). ‘Princeton Lake’ typescript. Box 250, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1908, April 28). ‘Lehigh speech’ typescript. Box 251, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1909, March 16). Letter to Abram W. Harris. Box 164, ACP.
  • Carnegie, A. (1911, January 17). Letter to Robert A. Franks. Box 303, ACP.
  • “Carnegie now to aid needy small colleges.” (1905, March 28). New York Times, p. 1.
  • Clark, W. (2008). Academic charisma and the origins of the research university. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cohen, D. K. (2000). Andrew Carnegie and academic library philanthropy: The case of Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Libraries & Culture, 35, 389–413.
  • Curti, M., & Nash, R. (1965). Philanthropy in the shaping of American higher education. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Drezner, N. D. (2011). Philanthropy and fundraising in American higher education: ASHE higher education reports. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Frew, W. N. (1904, November 29). Letter to AC. Box 109, ACP.
  • Gasman, M. (2007). Envisioning Black colleges: A history of the United Negro College Fund. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Gates, G. A. (1905, July 13). Letter to Henry S. Pritchett. New York, NY: Box 49, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Records (Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library).
  • “Gave $350,695,650 of fortune away.” (1919, August 12). New York Times, p. 1.
  • Geiger, R. L. (1986). To advance knowledge: The growth of American research universities, 1900–1940. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Geiger, R. L. (2014). The history of American higher education: Learning and culture from the founding to World War II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Gould, E. (2003). The university in a corporate culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Graebner, W. (1979). The origins of retirement in higher education: The Carnegie Pension System. Academe, 65, 97–103. doi:10.2307/40248674
  • Harlan, L. R. (1983). Booker T. Washington: The wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Harper, W. R. (1905a, April 21). Letter to AC. Box 115, ACP.
  • Harper, W. R. (1905b, November 11). Letter to AC. Box 121, ACP.
  • Hays, S. P. (1959). Conservation and the gospel of efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890–1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hewitt, A. S. (1901a, June 11). Letter to AC. Box 83, ACP.
  • Hewitt, A. S. (1901b, December 6). Letter to AC. Box 85, ACP.
  • Hewitt, A. S. (1902, January 23). Letter to AC. Box 87, ACP.
  • Holland, W. J. (1896a, May 2). Letter to AC. Box 37, ACP.
  • Holland, W. J. (1896b). A New African saturnid. Entomological News, 7, 133–135.
  • Katz, M. B. (1987). Reconstructing American education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Kerr, C. (1963). The uses of the university. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
  • Kett, J. F. (1994). The pursuit of knowledge under difficulties: From self-improvement to adult education in America, 1750–1990. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Kirp, D. L. (2009). Shakespeare, Einstein, and the bottom line: The marketing of higher education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Lagemann, E. C. (1983). Private power for the public good: A history of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Lagemann, E. C., & de Forest, J. (2007). What might Andrew Carnegie want to tell Bill Gates? Reflections on the hundredth anniversary of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. In R. Bacchetti & T. Ehrlich (Eds.), Reconnecting education and foundations (pp. 47–67). San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass.
  • Leslie, W. B. (1992). Gentlemen and scholars: College and community in the ‘Age of the University,’ 1865–1917. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Lester, R. M. (1941). Forty years of Carnegie giving. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Mackay, J. (1997). Little boss: A life of Andrew Carnegie. Edinburgh, UK: Mainstream.
  • Madsen, D. (1966). The national university: Enduring dream of the USA. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
  • May, A. J. (1968). History of the University of Rochester. Retrieved from http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/2347
  • McDowell, F. M. (1919). The junior college. Bureau of Education Bulletin, 35, 3–139.
  • Mickelson, P. (1975). American society and the public library in the thought of Andrew Carnegie. Journal of Library History, 10, 117–138.
  • Morley, J. (1904, September 6). Letter to AC. Box 107, ACP.
  • “Mr. Carnegie and the small colleges.” (1905, March 29). New York Times, p. 2.
  • “Mr. Carnegie’s plan to help colleges.” (1905, March 30). New York Times, p. 1.
  • Nasaw, D. (2006). Andrew Carnegie. New York, NY: Penguin.
  • Nevins, A. (1935). Abram S. Hewitt: With some account of Peter Cooper. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.
  • Pearsons, D. K. (1906, February 16). Letter to AC. Box 125, ACP.
  • Pearsons, D. K. (1912). Daniel K. Pearsons: His life and works. Elgin, IL: Brethren.
  • Peterson, W. (1905, April 19). Letter to AC. Box 115, ACP.
  • Potts, D. B. (1992). Wesleyan University, 1831–1910: Collegiate enterprise in New England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Prescott, S. C. (1954). When M.I.T. was ‘Boston Tech,’ 1861–1916. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press.
  • Pritchett, H. S. (1905, February 6). Letter to AC. Box 111, ACP.
  • Pritchett, H. S. (1906, May 18). Letter to Charles W. Eliot. Cambridge, MA: Box 79, Records of the President of Harvard University, Harvard University Library.
  • Pritchett, H. S. (1910a, February 25). Letter to AC. Box 303, ACP.
  • Pritchett, H. S. (1910b, November 2). Letter to Robert A. Franks. Box 303, ACP.
  • Rammelkamp, C. H. (1928). Illinois College: A centennial history, 1829–1929. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Report of the Commissioner of Education. (1905). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Report of the Commissioner of Education. (1917). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Ris, E. W. (2016). Hierarchy as a theme in the US college, 1880–1920. History of Education, 45, 57–78. doi:10.1080/0046760X.2015.1042075
  • Rodgers, D. A. (1998). Atlantic crossings: Social politics in a progressive age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Roelofs, J. (2003). Foundations and public policy: The mask of pluralism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Sass, S. A. (1997). The promise of private pensions: The first hundred years. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Savage, H. J. (1953). Fruit of an impulse: Forty-five years of the Carnegie Foundation, 1905–1950. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
  • Schneider, J. (1905, May 22). Letter to Charles Eliot. Box 79, Records of the President of Harvard University.
  • Schurman, J. (1905, April 18). Letter to AC, telegram. Box 115, ACP.
  • Sealander, J. (1997). Private wealth and public life: Foundation philanthropy and the reshaping of American social policy from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Sinclair, B. (2010). Mergers and acquisitions. In D. Kaiser (Ed.), Becoming MIT: Moments of decision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Sinclair, U. (1923). The goose step: A study of American education. Pasadena, CA: n.p.
  • Tarbell, A. W. (1937). The story of Carnegie Tech: Being a history of Carnegie Institute of Technology from 1900 to 1935. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Institute of Technology.
  • Thelin, J. R. (2011). A history of American higher education (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Thelin, J. R., & Trollinger, R. W. (2014). Philanthropy and American higher education. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Thwing, C. A. (1905). A pension fund for college professors. North American Review, 181, 722–730.
  • Tyack, D. B. (1974). The one best system: A history of American urban education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Tyack, D. B., & Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Van Slyck, A. A. (1995). Free to all: Carnegie libraries & American culture, 1890–1920. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Veblen, T. (1918). The higher learning in America: A memorandum on the conduct of universities by business men. New York, NY: B. W. Huebsch.
  • Veysey, L. R. (1965). The emergence of the American university. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Wall, J. F. (1970). Andrew Carnegie. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Walton, A. (2005). Women and philanthropy in education: A problem of conceptions. In A. Walton (Ed.), Women and philanthropy in education (pp. 1–36). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Watkins, W. H. (2001). The White architects of Black education: Ideology and power in America, 1865–1954. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • White, A. D. (1904, January 25). Letter to AC. Box 102, ACP.
  • White, A. D. (1906a, February 16). Letter to AC. Box 125, ACP.
  • White, A. D. (1906b, July 4). Letter to AC. Box 131, ACP.
  • Zunz, O. (2012). Philanthropy in America: A history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.