Physical modelling of water, fauna and flora: knowledge gaps, avenues for future research and infrastructural needs

References

• Albagnac, J., Moulin, F.Y., Eiff, O., Lacaze, L., Brancher, P. (2013). A three-dimensional experimental investigation of the structure of the spanwise vortex generated by a shallow vortex dipole. Environ. Fluid Mech. 10.1007/s10652-013-9291-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aller, R.C., Yingst, J.Y., Ullman, W.J. (1983). Comparative biogeochemistry of water in intertidal Onuphis (Polychaeta) and Upogebia (Crustacea) burrows: Temporal patterns and causes. J. Marine Res. 41, 571–604. doi: 10.1357/002224083788519722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amyot, J.-P., Downing, J.A. (1997). Seasonal variation in vertical and horizontal movement of the freshwater bivalve Elliptio complanata (Mollusca: Unionidae). Freshwater Biol. 37, 345–354.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, T.J. (2001). Seasonal variation in erodability of two temperate, microtidal mudflats. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 53, 1–12. doi: 10.1006/ecss.2001.0790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo, M.P., Hinsch, K.D. (2008). Recent developments of PIV towards 3D measurements. In Particle image velocimetry: New developments and recent applications. Topics in applied physics 112. A. Schroeder, C.E. Willert, eds. Springer, Berlin, 127–154.
   Google Scholar
• ASCE. (1942). Hydraulic models, American society of civil engineers manual of practice 25. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Astall, C.M., Taylor, A.C., Atkinson, R.J.A. (1997). Behavioural and physiological implications of a burrow-dwelling lifestyle for two species of Upogebiid mud-shrimp (Crustacea: Thalassinidea). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 44, 155–168. doi: 10.1006/ecss.1996.0207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakry, M.F., Gates, T.K., Khattab, A.F. (1992). Field-measured hydraulic resistance characteristics in vegetation-infested canals. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 118(2), 256–274. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1992)118:2(256)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkdoll, B.D. (2002). Discussion of “mean flow and turbulence structure of open-channel flow through non-emergent vegetation” by Fabián López and Marcelo H. García. J. Hydraulic Eng. 128(11), 1032. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:11(1032)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barmuta, L.A., McKenny, C.E.A., Swain, R. (2001). The response of lotic mayfly Nousia sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) to moving water and light of different wavelengths. Freshwater Biol. 46, 567–573.
   Google Scholar
• Battin, T.J., Kaplan, L.A., Newbold, J.D., Cheng, X., Hansen, C. (2003). Effects of current velocity on the nascent architecture of stream microbial biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5443–5452. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5443-5452.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs, B.J.F., Goring, D.G., Nikora, V.I. (1998). Subsidy and stress responses of stream periphyton to gradients in water velocity as a function of community growth form. J. Phycol. 34, 598–607. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340598.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornette, G., Puijalon, S. (2011). Response of aquatic plants to abiotic factors: A review. Aquat. Sci. 73, 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s00027-010-0162-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulêtreau, S., Charcosset, J.-Y., Gamby, J., Lyautey, E., Mastrorillo, S., Azémar, F., Moulin, F., Tribollet, B., Garabétian, F. (2011). Rotating disk electrodes to assess river biofilm thickness and elasticity. Water Res. 45, 1347–1357. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma, T.J., Friedrichs, M., van Wesenbeeck, B.K., Temmerman, S., Graf, G., Herman, P.M.J. (2009). Density-dependent linkage of scale-dependent feedbacks: A flume study on the intertidal macrophyte Spartina anglica. Oikos 118(2), 260–268.
   Google Scholar
• Bragazza, L., Gerdol, R. (2002). Are nutrient availability and acidity–alkalinity gradients related in Sphagnum-dominated peatlands? J. Veg. Sci. 13(4), 473–482. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02074.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch, G.M., Marsh, A.C. (1978). Tenacity and shell shape in six Patella species: Adaptive features. J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 34, 111–130. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(78)90035-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Brouwer, J.F.C., Bjelic, S., De Deckere, E.M.G.T., Stal, L.J. (2000). Interplay between biology and sedimentology in a mudflat (Biezelingse Ham, Westerschelde, The Netherlands). Cont. Shelf Res. 20, 1159–1177. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00017-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butman, C.A., Fréechette, M., Geyer, W.R., Starczak, V.R. (1994). Flume experiments on food supply to the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. as a function of boundary-layer flow. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1755–1768. doi: 10.4319/lo.1994.39.7.1755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, S.M., Nikora, V.I., Albayrak, I., Miler, O., Stewart, M., Siniscalchi, F. (accepted). Interactions between aquatic plants and turbulent flow: A field study using stereoscopic PIV. J. Fluid Mech.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coops, H., Geilen, N., Verheij, H.J., Boeters, R., van der Velde, G. (1996). Interactions between waves, bank erosion and emergent vegetation: An experimental study in a wave tank. Aquat. Bot. 53, 187–198. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(96)01027-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Andrea, A.F., DeWitt, T.H. (2009). Geochemical ecosystem engineering by the mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis (Crustacea: Thalassinidae) in Yaquina Bay, Oregon: Density-dependent effects on organic matter remineralization and nutrient cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54, 1911–1932. doi: 10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.1911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby, S.E. (2010). Reappraising the geomorphology–ecology link. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 35(3), 368–371. doi: 10.1002/esp.1921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, R.D. (2001). Effects of waves on the early growth of Vallisneria americana. Freshwater Biol. 46, 389–397. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00668.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duren, L.A., Herman, P.M.J., Sandee, A.J.J., Heip, C.H.R. (2006). Effects of mussel filtering activity on boundary layer structure. J. Sea Res. 55, 3–14. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2005.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworschak, P.C. (1987). Burrows of Solecurtus strigilatus (Linne) and S. multistriatus (Scacchi). Senck. Marit. 19, 131–147.
   Google Scholar
• Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2013). Variation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, IL. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623389/variation [Accessed 6 November 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, R.A., Lozada-Bernard, M., Ravens, T.M., Möller, I., Yeager, K.M., Baird, A.H. (2009). Does vegetation prevent wave erosion of salt marsh edges? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10109–10113. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901297106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagin, R.A., Irish, J.L., Möller, I., Williams, A.M., Colón-Rivera, R.J., Mousavi, M.E. (2011). Short communication: Engineering properties of wetland plants with application to wave attenuation. Coastal Eng. 58(3), 251–255. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, S.G., Heffernan, J.B., Sponseller, R.A., Welter, J.R. (2007). Functional ecomorphology: Feedbacks between form and function in fluvial landscape ecosystems. Geomorphology 89(1–2), 84–96. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca, M.S., Fisher, J.S. (1986). A comparison of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and restoration. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29, 15–22. doi: 10.3354/meps029015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortino, K. (2006). Effect of season on the impact of ecosystem engineers in the New River, NC. Hydrobiologia 559, 463–466. doi: 10.1007/s10750-005-5325-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrichs, M., Graf, G., Springer, B. (2000). Skimming flow induced over a simulated polychaete tube lawn at low population densities. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 192, 219–228. doi: 10.3354/meps192219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-March, J.R., Pérez-Rojas, L., García-Carrascosa, A.M. (2007). Influence of hydrodynamic forces on population structure of Pinna nobilis L., 1758 (Mollusca: Bivalvia): The critical combination of drag force, water depth, shell size and orientation. J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 342, 202–212. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobert, S., Kyramarios, M., Lepoint, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Bouquegneau, J.-M. (2003). Variations at different spatial scales of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delilebeds; effects on the physico-chemical parameters of the sediment. Oceanol. Acta 26, 199–207. doi: 10.1016/S0399-1784(02)00009-9
   Google Scholar
• Gran, K., Paola, C. (2001). Riparian vegetation controls on braided stream dynamics. Water Resour. Res. 37, 3275–3283. doi: 10.1029/2000WR000203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, J. (1983). The relative magnitude of biological and physical sediment reworking in an intertidal community. J. Marine Res. 41, 673–689. doi: 10.1357/002224083788520469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffen, B.D., deWitt, T.H., Langdon, C. (2004). Particle removal rates by the mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis, its burrow, and a commensal clam: Effects on estuarine phytoplankton abundance. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 269, 223–236. doi: 10.3354/meps269223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, W., Griffiths, C.L. (2004). Influence of wave exposure on South African mussel beds and their associated infaunal communities. Marine Biol. 144, 547–552. doi: 10.1007/s00227-003-1210-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder, D., Hurd, C., Speck, T. (2006). Comparison of mechanical properties of four large, wave-exposed seaweeds. Am. J. Bot. 93(10), 1426–1432. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.10.1426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, D.D., Finelli, C.M. (1999). Physical–biological coupling in streams: The pervasive effects of flow on benthic organisms. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30, 363–395. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.363
   Google Scholar
• Hedden, R.L., Fredericksen, T.S., Williams, S.A. (1995). Modeling the effect of crown shedding and streamlining on the survival of loblolly pine exposed to acute wind. Can. J. Forest Res. 25, 704–712. doi: 10.1139/x95-078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heide, T., van Nes, E.H., Geerling, G.W., Smolders, A.J.P., Bouma, T.J., van Katwijk, M.M. (2007). Positive feedbacks in seagrass ecosystems: Implications for success in conservation and restoration. Ecosystems 10, 1311–1322. doi: 10.1007/s10021-007-9099-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hession, W.C., Curran, J.C., Resler, L.M., Wynn, T.M. (2010). Preface: Geomorphology and vegetation: Interactions, dependencies, and feedback loops. Geomorphology 116(3–4), 203–205. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtado, M.Á., Mirella da Silva, P., Le Goı¨c, N., Palacios, E., Soudant, P. (2011). Effect of acclimatization on hemocyte functional characteristics of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus). Fish Shellfish Immun. 31(6), 978–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idestam-Almquist, J., Kautsky, L. (1995). Plastic responses in morphology of Potamogeton pectinatus L. to sediment and above sediment conditions at two sites in the northern Baltic proper. Aquat. Bot. 52, 205–216. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(95)00499-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iltis, G.C., Armstrong, R.T., Jansik, D.P., Wood, B.D., Wildenschild, D. (2011). Imaging biofilm architecture within porous media using synchrotron-based X-ray computed microtomography. Water Resour. Res. 47, W02601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadhav, R., Chen, Q. (2012). Field investigation of wave dissipation over salt marsh vegetation during tropical cyclone. Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. Coastal engineering, Santander, Spain, waves.41, P. Lynett, J. McKee Smith, eds. ICCE, Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• James, W.F., Barko, J.W. (2000). Sediment resuspension dynamics in canopy- and meadow-forming submersed macrophyte communities. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center Report ERDC/EL SR-00-8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S.E., Jago, C.F. (1993). In situ assessment of modification of sediment properties by burrowing invertebrates. Marine Biol. 115, 133–142. doi: 10.1007/BF00349395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H., Shachak, M. (1994). Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69, 373–386. doi: 10.2307/3545850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen, C.B. (1976). Growth efficiencies and factors controlling size in some mytilid bivalves, especially Mytilus edulis L.: Review and interpretation. Ophelia 15, 175–192. doi: 10.1080/00785326.1976.10425457
   Google Scholar
• Julien, P.Y. (2002). River mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Kawai, T., Tokeshi, M. (2004). Variable modes of facilitation in the upper intertidal: Goose barnacles and mussels. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 272, 203–213. doi: 10.3354/meps272203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, N.M., Fonseca, M., Whitfield, P. (2001). Predictive mapping for management and conservation of seagrass beds in North Carolina. Aquat. Conserv. 11, 437–451. doi: 10.1002/aqc.494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, C.A.M. (1970). Feedback relationships in geomorphology. Geogr. Ann. A 52(3–4), 147–159. doi: 10.2307/520809
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen, F.R., Enger, P.S., Sand, O. (1994). Avoidance responses to low frequency sound in downstream migrating Atlantic salmon smolt. Salmo salar. J. Fish Biol. 45(2), 227–233. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01302.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, E.W., Barbier, E.B., Silliman, B.R., Reed, D.J., Perillo, G.M.E., Hacker, S.D., Granek, E.F., Primavera, J.H., Muthiga, N., Polansky, S., Halpern, B.S., Kennedy, C.J., Kappel, C.V., Wolanksi, E. (2009). Non-linearity in ecosystem services: Temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7, 29–37. doi: 10.1890/080126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster, J., Downes, B.J. (2010). Linking the hydraulic world of individual organisms to ecological processes: Putting ecology into ecohydraulics. River Res. Applic. 26(4), 385–403. doi: 10.1002/rra.1274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauder, G.V. (2011). Swimming hydrodynamics: Ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them. Exp. Fluids 51, 23–35. doi: 10.1007/s00348-009-0765-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepoint, G., Vangeluwe, D., Eisinger, M., Paster, M., van Treeck, P., Bouquegneau, J.-M., Gobert, S. (2004). Nitrogen dynamics in Posidonia oceanica cuttings: Implications for transplantation experiments. Marine Pollut. Bull. 48, 465–470. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López, F., García, M.H. (2001). Mean flow and turbulence structure of open-channel flow through non-emergent vegetation. J. Hydraulic Eng. 127(5), 392–402. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:5(392)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynett, P. (2007). Effect of a shallow water obstruction on long wave runup and overland flow velocity. J. Waterw. Port Coast. Oc. Eng. 133(6), 455–462. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:6(455)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltese, A., Cox, E., Folkard, A.M., Ciraolo, G., La Loggia, G., Lombardo, G. (2007). Laboratory measurements of flow and turbulence in discontinuous distributions of ligulate seagrass. J. Hydraulic Eng. 133(7), 750–760. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:7(750)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid, C.D., Lindsay, T.L. (2000). Effect of wave exposure on growth and mortality rates of the mussel Perna perna: Bottom-up regulation of intertidal population. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 206, 147–154. doi: 10.3354/meps206147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid, C.D., Lindsay, J.R., Lindsay, T.L. (2000). Interactive effects of wave exposure and tidal height on population structure of the mussel Perna perna. Marine Biol. 137, 925–932. doi: 10.1007/s002270000398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miler, O., Albayrak, I., Nikora, V., O'Hare, M. (2012). Biomechanical properties of aquatic plants and their effects on plant–flow interactions in streams and rivers. Aquat. Sci. 74(1), 31–44. doi: 10.1007/s00027-011-0188-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, I. (2006). Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: Results from a UK east coast saltmarsh. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 69, 337–351. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, I., Mantilla-Contreras, J., Spencer, T., Hayes, A. (2011). Micro-tidal coastal reed beds: Hydro-morphological insights and observations on wave transformation from the southern Baltic Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 92, 424–436. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. (2011). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. ed. 8. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Nepf, H.M. (2012). Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 44, 123–142. doi: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-120710-101048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumeier, U. (2005). Quantification of vertical density variations of salt-marsh vegetation. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 63, 489–496. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikora, V. (2010). Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: An interface between ecology, biomechanics and environmental fluid mechanics. River Res. Appl. 26, 367–384. doi: 10.1002/rra.1291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikora, V.I., Aberle, J., Biggs, B.J.F., Jowett, I.G., Sykes, J.R.E. (2003). Effects of fish size, time-to-fatigue and turbulence on swimming performance: A case study of Galazias maculatus. J. Fish Biol. 63, 1365–1382. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00241.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nortek, A.S. (2009). Vectrino velocimeter manual. Nortek AS, Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E., eds. (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, M., Amos, C.L. (2011). Spatial and seasonal variation in wave attenuation over Zostera noltii. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 116(C8), C08019. doi: 10.1029/2010JC006797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peakall, J., Ashworth, P., Best, J. (1996). Physical modelling in fluvial geomorphology: Principles, applications and unresolved issues. In The scientific nature of geomorphology. B.L. Rhoads, C.E. Thorn, eds. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 221–253.
   Google Scholar
• Peakall, J., Ashworth, P.J., Best, J.L. (2007). Meander-bend evolution, alluvial architecture, and the role of cohesion in sinuous river channels: A flume study. J. Sedimentary Res. 77, 197–212. doi: 10.2110/jsr.2007.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peine, F., Bobertz, B., Graf, G. (2005). Influence of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus) on the bottom roughness length (z0) in the south-western Baltic Sea. Baltica 18, 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Peine, F., Friedrichs, M., Graf, G. (2009). Potential influence of tubicolous worms on the bottom roughness length z0 in the south-western Baltic Sea. J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 374, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2009.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollen, N., Simon, A. (2006). Geotechnical implications for the use of Alfalfa in experimental studies of alluvial-channel morphology and planform. Eos Trans. AGU 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H21G–1455.
   Google Scholar
• Popper, A.N., Hastings, M.C. (2009). The effects of anthropogenic sources of sound on fishes. J. Fish Biol. 75(3), 455–489. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02319.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandtl, L. (1952). Essentials of fluid dynamics: With applications to hydraulics, aeronautics, meteorology and other subjects. Blackie, London.
   Google Scholar
• Puijalon, S., Bornette, G. (2004). Morphological variation of two taxonomically distant plant species along a natural flow velocity gradient. New Phytol. 163, 651–660. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01135.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puijalon, S., Bornette, G. (2006). Phenotypic plasticity and mechanical stress: Biomass partitioning and clonal growth of an aquatic plant species. Am. J. Bot. 93, 1090–1099. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.8.1090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puijalon, S., Sagnes, P., Bornette, G. (2005). Adaptations to increasing hydraulic stress: Morphology, hydrodynamics and fitness of two higher aquatic plant species. J. Exp. Bot. 56, 777–786. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eri063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puijalon, S., Léna, J.-P., Riviére, N., Champagne, J.Y., Rostan, J.C., Bornette, G. (2008a). Phenotypic plasticity in response to mechanical stress: Hydrodynamic performance and fitness of 4 aquatic plant species. New Phytol. 177, 907–917. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02314.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puijalon, S., Bouma, T.J., van Groenendael, J., Bornette, G. (2008b). Clonal plasticity of aquatic plant species submitted to mechanical stress: Escape vs. resistance strategy. Ann. Bot. Lond. 102, 989–996. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, L., Jerolmack, D., Cardinale, B.J., Vanacker, V., Wright, J. (2010). Dynamic interactions of life and its landscape: Feedbacks at the interface of geomorphology and ecology. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 35(1), 78–101. doi: 10.1002/esp.1912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S.P., Lancaster, J., Kemp, P. (2010a). Experimentation at the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering and the development of an effective, interdisciplinary river science. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 35(1), 64–77. doi: 10.1002/esp.1838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S.P., Little, S., Wood, P.J., Moir, H.J., Vericat, D. (2010b). The relative contributions of ecology and hydraulics to ecohydraulics. River Res. Applic. 26(4), 363–366. doi: 10.1002/rra.1369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S.P., Johnson, M.F., Reid, I. (2012). Animals and the geomorphology of gravel-bed rivers. In Gravel bed rivers: Processes, tools, environments. M.A. Church, P. Biron, A.G. Roy, eds. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 225–241.
   Google Scholar
• Rowden, A.A., Jago, C.F., Jones, S.E. (1998). Influence of benthic macrofauna on the geotechnical and geophysical properties of surficial sediment, North Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 18, 1347–1363. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00047-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueben, M., Holman, R., Cox, D., Shin, S., Killian, J., Stanley, J. (2011). Optical measurements of tsunami inundation through an urban waterfront modeled in a large-scale laboratory basin. Coastal Eng. 58(3), 229–238. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara, J., Nakagawa, M., Yoshida, M. (2004). Stereo-PIV study of flow around a maneuvering fish. Exp. Fluids 36, 282–293. doi: 10.1007/s00348-003-0720-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamaria, L. (2002). Why are most aquatic plants widely distributed? Dispersal, clonal growth and small-scale heterogeneity in a stressful environment. Acta Oecol. 23, 137–154. doi: 10.1016/S1146-609X(02)01146-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller, J., Brackhage, C., Dudel, E.G. (2012a). Silicon availability changes structural carbon ratio and phenol content of grasses. Environ. Exp. Bot. 77, 283–287. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller, J., Brackhage, C., Gessner, M.O., Baüker, E., Dudel, E.G. (2012b). Silicon supply modifies C:N:P stoichiometry and growth of Phragmites australis. Plant Biol. 14(2), 392–396.
   Google Scholar
• Schoelynck, J. (2011). Macrophyte patches as biogeochemical hotspots: What is the impact on river water quality? PhD Thesis. Departement Biologie, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Schoelynck, J., De Groote, T., Bal, K., Vandenbruwaene, W., Meire, P., Temmerman, S. (2012). Self-organised patchiness and scale-dependent bio-geomorphic feedbacks in aquatic river vegetation. Ecography 35(8), 760–768. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07177.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seed, R. (1969). The ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed rocky shores. 2. Growth and mortality. Oecologia 3, 317–350. doi: 10.1007/BF00390381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeone, S., De Falco, G. (2012). Morphology and composition of beach-cast Posidonia oceanica litter on beaches with different exposures. Geomorphology 151–152, 224–233. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., eds. (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Song, Y.K., Irish, J.L. (in preparation). Inundation by long waves in the presence of discontinuous macro-roughness with application to tsunami runup in forests. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans.
   Google Scholar
• Soulsby, R.L. (1980). Selecting record length and digitization rate for near-bed turbulence measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 208–219. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0208:SRLADR>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffani, C.N., Branch, G.M. (2003). Growth rate, condition, and shell shape of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Responses to wave exposure. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 246, 197–209. doi: 10.3354/meps246197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, H.L. (2006). Hydrodynamic consequences of flexural stiffness and buoyancy for seaweeds: A study using physical models. J. Exp. Biol. 209(11), 2170–2181. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand, J.A., Weisner, E.B. (1996). Wave exposure related growth of epiphyton: Implications for the distribution of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic lakes. Hydrobiologia 325, 113–119. doi: 10.1007/BF00028271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchanek, T.H. (1983). Control of seagrass communities and sediment distribution by Callianassa (Crustacea, Thalassinidea) bioturbation. J. Marine Res. 41, 281–298. doi: 10.1357/002224083788520216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tal, M., Paola, C. (2007). Dynamic single-thread channels maintained by the interaction of flow and vegetation. Geology 35, 347–350. doi: 10.1130/G23260A.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tal, M., Paola, C. (2010). Effects of vegetation on channel morphodynamics: Results and insights from laboratory experiments. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 35(9), 1014–1028. doi: 10.1002/esp.1908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne, C.R., Evans, E.P., Penning-Rowsell, E.C., eds. (2007). Future flooding and coastal erosion risks. Thomas Telford, London.
   Google Scholar
• Tiselius, P., Hansen, B., Jonsson, P., Kiorboe, T., Nielsen, G., Piontkovski, S., Saiz, E. (1995). Can we use laboratory-reared copepods for experiments? A comparison of feeding behaviour and reproduction between a field and a laboratory population of Acartia tonsa. ICES J. Marine Sci. 52, 369–376. doi: 10.1016/1054-3139(95)80052-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, S. (1994). Life in moving fluids. ed. 2. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, J.M., Gibbins, C., Wainwright, J., Larsen, L., McElroy, B. (2011). Preface: Multiscale feedbacks in ecogeomorphology. Geomorphology 126(3–4), 265–268. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Brinsley, M.D. (2002). Impact of biotic and abiotic processes on sediment dynamics and the consequences to the structure and functioning of the intertidal zone. J. Sea Res. 48, 143–156. doi: 10.1016/S1385-1101(02)00148-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Brinsley, M.D., Bowley, N., Barrett, C. (1998). A benthic annular flume for in situ measurement of suspension feeding/biodeposition rates and erosion potential of intertidal cohesive sediments. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 46, 27–38. doi: 10.1006/ecss.1997.0259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Brinsley, M.D., Salkeld, P.N., Lucas, C.H. (2000a). Influence of biota on spatial and temporal variation in sediment erodability and material flux on a tidal flat (Westerschelde, The Netherlands). Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 194, 23–37. doi: 10.3354/meps194023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Brown, S., Brinsley, M.D., Salkeld, P.N., Elliott, M. (2000b). Temporal changes in intertidal sediment erodability: Influence of biological and climatic factors. Cont. Shelf Res. 20, 1275–1289. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00023-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Blauw, A., Heip, C.H.R., Herman, P.M.J., Lucas, C.H., Middelburg, J.J., Schmidt, S., Brinsley, M.D., Twisk, F., Verbeek, H. (2004). Role of physical and biological processes in sediment dynamics of a tidal flat in Westerschelde Estuary, SW Netherlands. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 274, 41–56. doi: 10.3354/meps274041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Pope, N.D., Brinsley, M.D., Asmus, H., Asmus, R. (2008a). Effects of seagrass beds (Zostera noltii and Z. marina) on near-bed hydrodynamics and sediment resuspension. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 358, 125–136. doi: 10.3354/meps07338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdows, J., Pope, N., Brinsley, M. (2008b). Effect of Spartina anglica stems on nearbed hydrodynamics, sediment erodability and morphological changes on an intertidal mudflat. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 362, 45–57. doi: 10.3354/meps07448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, C.A.M.E., Stoesser, T., Bates, P.D., Batemann Pinzen, A. (2003). Open channel flow through different forms of submerged flexible vegetation. J. Hydraulic Eng. 29(11), 847–853. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:11(847)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, L.D., Schaffner, L.C., Maa, J.P.-Y. (1997). Biological mediation of bottom boundary layer processes and sediment suspension in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Marine Geol. 141(1–4), 27–50. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00061-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yager, P.L., Nowell, A.R.M., Jumars, P.A. (1993). Enhanced deposition to pits: A local food source for benthos. J. Marine Res. 51, 209–236. doi: 10.1357/0022240933223819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalin, M.S. (1971). Theory of hydraulic models. Macmillan, London.
   Google Scholar
• Ziebis, W., Forster, S., Huettel, M., Jorgensen, B.B. (1996). Complex burrows of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and their geochemical impact in the sea bed. Nature 382, 619–622. doi: 10.1038/382619a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar