References
- Alfonsi, G., Ferraro, D., Lauria, A., & Gaudio, R. (2019). Large-eddy simulation of turbulent natural-bed flow. Physics of Fluids, 31(8), 085105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5116522
- Bathurst, J. C. (1985). Flow resistance estimation in mountain rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 111(4), 625–643. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:4(625)
- Calhoun, R. J., & Street, R. L. (2001). Turbulent flow over a wavy surface: Neutral case. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 106(C5), 9277–9293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900133
- Cameron, S., Nikora, V., & Stewart, M. (2017). Very-large-scale motions in rough-bed open-channel flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 814, 416–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.24
- Cooper, J. R., & Tait, S. J. (2008). The spatial organisation of time-averaged streamwise velocity and its correlation with the surface topography of water-worked gravel beds. Acta Geophysics, 56(3), 614–641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-008-0023-0
- Cui, J., Patel, V. C., & Lin, C. L. (2003). Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a channel with rib roughness. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 24(3), 372–388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-727X(03)00002-X
- Ferguson, R. (2007). Flow resistance equations for gravel- and boulder-bed streams. Water Resources Research, 43(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005422
- Ferraro, D., Coscarella, F., & Gaudio, R. (2019). Scales of turbulence in open-channel flows with low relative submergence. Physics of Fluids, 31(12), 125114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5127562
- Ferraro, D., Servidio, S., & Gaudio, R. (2019). Velocity scales in steady-nonuniform turbulent flows with low relative submergence. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 19(4)), 1025–1041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-019-09663-3
- Forooghi, P., Stroh, A., Magagnato, F., Jakirlic, S., & Frohnapfel, B. (2017). Toward a universal roughness correlation. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 139(12), 121201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4037280
- Germano, M., Piomelli, U., Moin, P., & Cabot, W. H. (1991). A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Physics of Fluids A, 3(7), 1760–1765. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.857955
- Grass, A. J., Stuart, R. J., & Mansourtehrani, M. (1991). Vortical structures and coherent motion in turbulent-flow over smooth and rough boundaries. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 336(1640), 35–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1991.0065
- Guala, M., Hommema, S., & Adrian, R. (2006). Large-scale and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 554, 521–542. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112006008871
- Hardy, R. J., Best, J. L., Lane, S. N., & Carbonneau, P. E. (2009). Coherent flow structures in a depth-limited flow over a gravel surface: The role of near-bed turbulence and influence of Reynolds number. Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surfurface, 114(F1), F01003. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000970
- Hardy, R. J., Best, J. L., Parsons, D. R., & Marjoribanks, T. I. (2016). On the evolution and form of coherent flow structures over a gravel bed: Insights from whole flow field visualization and measurement. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surfurface, 121(8), 1472–1493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.v121.8
- Hardy, R. J., Lane, S. N., Ferguson, R. I., & Parsons, D. R. (2007). Emergence of coherent flow structures over a gravel surface: A numerical experiment. Water Resource Research, 43(3), W03422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR004936
- Ingram, D. M., Causon, D. M., & Mingham, C. G. (2003). Developments in Cartesian cut cell methods. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 61(3–6), 561–572. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(02)00107-6
- Jeong, J., & Hussain, F. (1995). On the identification of a vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 285, 69–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112095000462
- Jimenez, J. (2004). Turbulent flows over rough walls. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 36, 173–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122103
- Jimenez, J. (2018). Coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 842, P1. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.144
- Kim, K., & Adrian, R. (1999). Very large-scale motion in the outer layer. Physics of Fluids, 11(2), 417–422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.869889
- Kostaschuk, R. A., & Church, M. A. (1993). Macroturbulence generated by Dunes - Fraser-River, Canada. Sedimentary Geology, 85(1–4), 25–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90073-E
- Lamarre, H., & Roy, A. G. (2005). Reach scale variability of turbulent flow characteristics in a gravel-bed river. Geomorphology, 68(1–2), 95–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.09.033
- Lawless, M., & Robert, A. (2001a). Scales of boundary resistance in coarse-grained channels: Turbulent velocity profiles and implications. Geomorphology, 39(3–4), 221–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00029-0
- Lawless, M., & Robert, A. (2001b). Three-dimensional flow structure around small-scale bedforms in a simulated gravel-bed environment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(5), 507–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9837
- Legleiter, C. J., Phelps, T. L., & Wohl, E. E. (2007). Geostatistical analysis of the effects of stage and roughness on reach-scale spatial patterns of velocity and turbulence intensity. Geomorphology, 83(3–4), 322–345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.02.022
- Li, J., & Li, S. S. (2020). Near-bed velocity and shear stress of open-channel flow over surface roughness. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 20, 293–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-019-09728-3
- Lilly, D. K. (1992). A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure method. Physics of Fluids A, 4(3), 633–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858280
- Liu, Z., Adrian, R. J., & Hanratty, T. J. (2001). Large-scale modes of turbulent channel flow: Transport and structure. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 448, 53–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112001005808
- McLean, S. R., & Nikora, V. I. (2006). Characteristics of turbulent unidirectional flow over rough beds: Double-averaging perspective with particular focus on sand dunes and gravel beds. Water Resources Research, 42(10), W10409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004708
- McSherry, R., Chua, K., Stoesser, T., & Falconer, R. A. (2016). Large eddy simulations of rough bed open channel flow with low submergence and free surface tracking. In River flow 2016 (pp. 85–90). Taylor and Francis.
- Mittal, R., & Iaccarino, G. (2005). Immersed boundary methods. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 37, 239–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175743
- Muller, A., & Gyr, A. (1986). On the vortex formation in the mixing layer behind dunes. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 24(5), 359–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00221688609499314
- Nakagawa, H., & Nezu, I. (1981). Structure of space-time correlations of bursting phenomena in an open-channel flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 104, 1–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112081002796
- Nezu, I. (1977). Turbulent structure in open-channel flows (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kyoto University.
- Nezu, I., & Nakagawa, H. (1993). Turbulence in open-channel flows. IAHR Monograph Series. A.A. Balkema.
- Nichols, A. (2013). Free surface dynamics in shallow turbulent flows (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Bradford.
- Nichols, A., Tait, S. J., Horoshenkov, K. V., & Shepherd, S. J. (2016). A model of the free surface dynamics of shallow turbulent flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 54(4), 516–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2016.1176607
- Nikora, V., Goring, D., McEwan, I., & Griffiths, G. (2001). Spatially averaged open-channel flow over rough bed. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 127(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:2(123)
- Nikora, V., McEwan, I., McLean, S., Coleman, S., Pokrajac, D., & Walters, R. (2007). Double-averaging concept for rough-bed open-channel and overland flows: Theoretical background. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering -ASCE, 133(8), 873–883. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:8(873)
- Nikora, V., Stoesser, T., Cameron, S. M., Stewart, M., Papadopoulos, K., Ouro, P., McSherry, R., Zampiron, A., Marusic, I., & Falconer, R. A. (2019). Friction factor decomposition for rough-wall flows: Theoretical background and application to open-channel flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 872, 626–664. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.344
- Papadopoulos, K., Nikora, V., Cameron, S., Stewart, M., & Gibbins, C. (2020). Spatially-averaged flows over mobile rough beds: Equations for the second-order velocity moments. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 58(1), 133–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2018.1555559
- Patankar, S. V. (1980). Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. Taylor & Francis.
- Powell, D. M. (2014). Flow resistance in gravel-bed rivers: Progress in research. Earth-Science Reviews, 136, 301–338. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.06.001
- Robinson, S. K. (1991). Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary layer. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 23, 601–639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.23.010191.003125
- Rodi, W., Constantinescu, G., & Stoesser, T. (2013). Large-eddy simulation in hydraulics. CRC Press.
- Roussinova, V., Biswas, N., & Balachandar, R. (2008). Revisiting turbulence in smooth uniform open channel flow. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 46(sup1), 36–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2008.9521938
- Roy, A. G., Biron, P. M., Buffin-Belanger, T., & Levasseur, M. (1999). Combined visual and quantitative techniques in the study of natural turbulent flows. Water Resources Research, 35(3), 871–877. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900079
- Roy, A. G., Buffin-Belanger, T., Lamarre, H., & Kirkbride, A. D. (2004). Size, shape and dynamics of large-scale turbulent flow structures in a gravel-bed river. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 500, 1–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112003006396
- Saccone, D., Napoli, E., Milici, B., & De Marchis, M. (2019). Large eddy simulations of rough turbulent channel flows bounded by irregular roughness: The role of geometrical parameters. In Manuel García-Villalba, Hans Kuerten, & Maria Vittoria Salvetti (Eds.), Ercoftac workshop direct and large eddy simulation (pp. 25–32). Springer.
- Schmeeckle, M. W. (2014). Numerical simulation of turbulence and sediment transport of medium sand. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119(6), 1240–1262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002911
- Shah, M. K., Agelinchaab, M., & Tachie, M. F. (2008). Influence of PIV interrogation area on turbulent statistics up to 4th order moments in smooth and rough wall turbulent flows. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 32(3), 725–747. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2007.09.004
- Shvidchenko, A. B., & Pender, G. (2001). Macroturbulent structure of open-channel flow over gravel beds. Water Resources Research, 37(3), 709–719. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900280
- Singh, K. M., Sandham, N. D., & Williams, J. J. R. (2007). Numerical simulation of flow over a rough bed. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 133(4), 386–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:4(386)
- Smagorinsky, J. (1963). General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment. Monthly Weather Review, 91(3), 99–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2
- Stoesser, T. (2010). Physically realistic roughness closure scheme to simulate turbulent channel flow over rough beds within the framework of LES. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 136(10), 812–819. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000236
- Stoesser, T. (2014). Large-eddy simulation in hydraulics: Quo Vadis? Journal of Hydraulic Research, 52(4), 441–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2014.944227
- Stoesser, T., Braun, C., Garcia-Villalba, M., & Rodi, W. (2008). Turbulence structures in flow over two-dimensional dunes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 134(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:1(42)
- Tamburrino, A., & Gulliver, J. S. (2007). Free-surface visualization of streamwise vortices in a channel flow. Water Resources Research, 43(11), W11410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR005988
- Thakkar, M., Busse, A., & Sandham, N. (2017). Surface correlations of hydrodynamic drag for transitionally rough engineering surfaces. Journal of Turbulence, 18(2), 138–169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2016.1258119
- Ubbink, O. (1997). Numerical prediction of two fluid systems with sharp interfaces (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.
- Xie, Z. (2012). Numerical study of breaking waves by a two-phase flow model. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 70(2), 246–268.
- Xie, Z. (2013). Two-phase flow modelling of spilling and plunging breaking waves. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(6), 3698–3713. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.07.057
- Xie, Z. (2015). A two-phase flow model for three-dimensional breaking waves over complex topography. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences, 471(2180), 20150101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0101
- Xie, Z., Lin, B., & Falconer, R. (2013). Large-eddy simulation of the turbulent structure in compound open-channel flows. Advances in Water Resources, 53, 66–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.10.009
- Xie, Z., Lin, B., & Falconer, R. (2014). Turbulence characteristics in free-surface flow over two-dimensional dunes. Journal of Hydro-environmental Research, 8(3), 200–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2014.01.002
- Xie, Z., Lin, B., Falconer, R., & Maddux, T. (2013). Large-eddy simulation of turbulent open-channel flow over three-dimensional dunes. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51(5), 494–505. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.835287
- Xie, Z., & Stoesser, T. (2020a). A three-dimensional Cartesian cut-cell/volume-of-fluid method for two-phase flows with moving bodies. Journal of Computational Physics, 416, 109536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2020.109536
- Xie, Z., & Stoesser, T. (2020b). Two-phase flow simulation of breaking solitary waves over surface-piercing and submerged conical structures. Ocean Engineering, 213, 107679. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107679
- Xie, Z., Stoesser, T., Yan, S., Ma, Q., & Lin, P. (2020). A Cartesian cut-cell based multiphase flow model for large-eddy simulation of three-dimensional wave-structure interaction. Computers & Fluids, 213, 104747. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2020.104747
- Yalin, M. S. (1992). River mechanics. Pergamon.
- Yuan, J., & Piomelli, U. (2014). Estimation and prediction of the roughness function on realistic surfaces. Journal of Turbulence, 15(6), 350–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2014.907904
- Yue, W. S., Lin, C. L., & Patel, V. C. (2005a). Coherent structures in open-channel flows over a fixed dune. Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of the ASME, 127(5), 858–864. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1988345
- Yue, W. S., Lin, C. L., & Patel, V. C. (2005b). Large eddy simulation of turbulent open-channel flow with free surface simulated by level set method. Physics of Fluids, 17(2), 025108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1849182
- Yue, W. S., C. L. Lin, & Patel, V. C. (2006). Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over a fixed two-dimensional dune. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 132(7), 643–651. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:7(643)
- Zedler, E. A., & Street, R. L. (2001). Large-eddy simulation of sediment transport: Currents over ripples. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-ASCE, 127(6), 444–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:6(444)